Consequences
ADHD not only has symptoms that are acutely manifested in the behavior of the affected person, but also long-term consequences.
- 1. Consequential risks of ADHD
- 2. Risks of untreated ADHD
- 3. Protective effect of ADHD medication
- 4. Life risk changes due to treatment of ADHD
- 5. Financial consequences of ADHD
- 6. ADHD and profession
- 7. ADHD and life (dis)satisfaction
- 8. ADHD and delinquency/crime/prison
1. Consequential risks of ADHD
ADHD sufferers have to accept massive restrictions in their quality of life.
- Depression increases1
- 50% of all ADHD sufferers have a major depressive episode before adulthood. The risk is thus 5.5 times higher than for non-affected persons.2
- Suicide rate increases3 by 2.3 times4 by 2.9 times5
- Arrests increased by 105%8
- ADHD sufferers are 6.4 times more likely to be perpetrators of domestic violence than non-affected individuals.9
- Divorces
- Injuries
- Significant professional disadvantages18
- Poorer educational opportunities1
- Health problems
- 5-fold direct annual costs from age 14 to 17 related to child behavior (excluding treatment costs) and indirect costs related to caregiver burden19
- Increased risk for most physical diseases (34 [97 %] of 35 diseases studied), independent of sex20
- Nervous system disorders (1.5 to 4.6 times the risk), mainly caused by environmental hazards, e.g.
- Sleep disorders
- Epilepsy
- Dementia
- Parents of ADHD sufferers showed a 55% increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease or dementia in a Swedish cohort study. In grandparents, the risk was increased to an even lesser extent.21
- Respiratory diseases (2.4 to 3.2 times the risk), mainly genetic, e.g.
- Asthma
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Stroke risk increased22
- Risk of ischemic stroke increased by 15%
- Risk of large-artery atherosclerotic stroke increased by 40%
- Nervous system disorders (1.5 to 4.6 times the risk), mainly caused by environmental hazards, e.g.
- Alcohol consumption increased6
- Smoking more often62324251
- Marijuana use increased23
- Up to 5-fold increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Lewy body dementia.30
- More often a victim of physical and non-physical sexual abuse31
- ADHD causes long-term decreased emotional school engagement, which is further moderated by student-teacher conflict.32
- Reduced quality of life (QoL)33
- Health-related QoL significantly reduced34
- 4-fold increased risk of decreased length growth and weight gain at 8 and 10 years. Stimulant treatment increased this risk.35
- ADHD in childhood predicts emotional problems later in life. These are genetically mediated.36
2. Risks of untreated ADHD
Untreated / inappropriately treated ADHD has massive lifetime implications,3738 e.g.:
- 7 times the risk of ending up in prison due to crime
- 3 to 5 times the risk of separation and divorce39
- Females (in Japan) with ADHD appear to have an even higher rate of comorbidity than males with ADHD.40
- 1.27- to 4.6-fold premature mortality. Depending on the study, between 1.27-fold (boys and men),41 2.85-fold (girls and women),41 1.4-fold (children and adolescents), and more than 4.6-fold (in adults),42 especially from accidents.4344 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
ADHD medication reduces accident incidence in affected boys and girls, as children and as adolescents.5253 by 43%54 and traumatic brain injury reduced by 49%55 to 66%.56
With the number of additional comorbidities, the likelihood of premature death increases up to 25-fold.4257
4.25-fold risk of premature mortality with first ADHD diagnosis in adulthood.41
In contrast, no increased mortality was found for ADHD medication use (stimulants or atomoxetine).58 - 3.6-fold risk of eating disorders in girls59
- 1.2 to 3.3-fold risk of anxiety disorders. Lifetime prevalence 10 - 15 % total population,60 12 to 50 % in ADHD39
- 2.74-fold risk of motor vehicle crashes resulting in injury among those aged 65 and older61
- 2.4-fold risk of suicide in ADHD overall, especially in women62 (up to 4.1-fold risk of suicide). Correspondingly higher in untreated ADHD.6339
- 2.3-fold risk of early pregnancy in untreated teens with ADHD. Teenage pregnancies are 27% more common with untreated ADHD. The risk decreased very significantly with treated ADHD.64
- 2.5-fold65 to 4-fold risk of depression in girls
ADHD in children increases the risk of depression in adolescence.66 - 2.35 times6728 to 8.61 times risk of smoking68
- 2 times the risk of falling victim to murder69
- More than 2-fold medical costs70
- 1.77-fold risk of substance dependence (addiction)68
The majority of research on ADHD and alcohol abuse finds a positive correlation.71 - Increased risk behavior33
- Increased likelihood of inpatient psychiatric treatment. Among 166 psychiatric inpatients, 59% were found to have ADHD.72
Adults who received individual ADHD therapy between the ages of 6 and 10 years were found 18 years later:73
- An improvement in ADHD symptoms that corresponded to the follow-up after 8 years
- 18% no longer had an ADHD diagnosis
- 55% had partial remission; of these
- ADHD-I 33 %
- ADHD-HI 13 %
- ADHD-C 54 %
- 27% further had an ADHD diagnosis; of these
- ADHD-I 67 %
- ADHD-HI 17 %
- ADHD-C 17 %
- Functional impairment in terms of
- Finance 28 %
- Daily responsibilities 28 %
- Community activities 23 %
- Learning/acquiring new learning content 21 %
- Worse school / professional results than expected
- School and professional qualifications
- As often as in total population
- Significantly worse grades
- Much less likely to have a high school diploma / university entrance qualification than the general population
- Increased unemployment
- Currently unemployed: 17 %
- Approximately 30% more likely to be unemployed than total population (study compares to 2011, when unemployment was 30% higher than 2019)
- 25 % were unemployed for more than one year
- 52 % were unemployed once in the last few years
- Currently unemployed: 17 %
- School and professional qualifications
- More frequent contact with judicial system than expected
- Criminal judgments 33 %
- Health impairments, comorbidities
- Threefold rate of externalizing or internalizing disorders
- Three and a half times the rate of medication for mental health problems
- 27% had a personality disorder according to DSM-IV
- Antisocial personality disorder 12%, RR 6.8 (about 6 times more common; total population: 2%)
- Avoidant personality disorder RR 2.0 (twice as frequent)
- Schizoid personality disorder RR 2.0 (twice as frequent)
- Paranoid personality disorder RR 1.3 (30% more frequent)
- Addiction problems
- Drug use: 15 %; highly frequent
- Smoking slightly more often
- Alcohol slightly more often
- Weight problems
- Overweight one and a half times more common than in total population
- Obesity 30% more frequent than in total population
- Threefold rate of externalizing or internalizing disorders
- Several social outcomes were favorable
- Long-term relationship/marriage: 63 %
- Low life satisfaction, especially in the areas of
- Health
- Profession/Career
- Leisure/recreational activities
- Own children
- Own person
- Sexuality
- Relations with others
- Overall life satisfaction
3. Protective effect of ADHD medication
ADHD medications reduce the risks of ADHD symptoms and sequelae. According to a metastudy, medication with stimulants reduces the aforementioned risks by 9 to 59 %.74
Another metastudy of 40 studies found a robust protective effect of ADHD medications in relation to75
- Mood disorders
- Suicidality
- (Car) accidents
- Injuries
- Traumatic brain injuries
- Education and academic outcomes. Indifferent, on the other hand:76
- Substance Abuse
- Crime
Stimulants reduced the risk of suicide attempts in several large studies in ADHD by77
- 11.6 % (in all age groups)78
- 19 %79
- 42 %80
- 59 % if taken for 3 months and half a year81
- 72 % if taken for more than half a year81
- Methylphenidate in ADHD was associated with a reduction in previously significantly increased suicide risk after 90 days.82
- Other ADHD medications (non-stimulants) showed no or very little reduction in suicidality, e.g., 4%79
MPH reduced all-cause mortality by 20% in children with ADHD. Delayed use of MPH correlated with a 5% increase in mortality. Long-term use reduced all-cause mortality by 16%.83
ADHD medications reduce the risk of depression:84
- 3 years after ingestion by 40
- during the intake by 20
Treatment of ADHD with methylphenidate reduced the risk of
- from stress fractures
- of accidental fractures (trauma fractures)
- Of unintentional injuries by 15%86 or with an effect size of 0.8887
- Of brain trauma by 7386
- From poisoning88
- Of injury-related emergency admissions by 9%89
- of burns in adolescents with ADHD90
- by 57% with MPH use for 90 days and longer by
- by 30% for MPH use for less than 90 days by
- from traffic accidents
- of sexually transmitted diseases
- only for men by 30 to 4093
- of teenage pregnancies64
ADHD sufferers who were not treated with MPH were more likely to be victims of bullying/cyberbullying (physical victimization, isolation, destruction of property by others, and sexual victimization), more likely to destroy others’ things, and more likely to exhibit bullying behaviors (perpetrator-side).94
ADHD medications reduce the risk for sufferers,
ADHD medications do not increase the risk for affected individuals:97
- for alcohol abuse or dependence (11 studies, over 1300 participants)
- for nicotine abuse or dependence (6 studies, 884 participants)
- for cocaine abuse or dependence (7 studies, 950 participants)
- for cannabis abuse or dependence (9 studies, over 1100 participants) did not increase (Humphreys et al., 2013).
ADHD medication reduces for sufferers
ADHD medications improve academic performance.
- Three months of treatment with AD(HHD) medication resulted in100
- a grade improvement of more than nine points (scale: 0 to 320)
- a 20% reduction in the risk of not receiving a recommendation for higher secondary education
- ADHD sufferers’ test scores during the time they were taking medication were 4.8 points (scale: 1 to 200) higher than during the time they were not taking medication.101
- Discontinuation of AD(HS medications correlated with a small significant decrease in grade point average102
Medication significantly mitigates the deterioration in health-related quality of life caused by ADHD.34
One meta-analysis found worsening quality of life when medications were discontinued in children and adolescents, but not in adults.103
4. Life risk changes due to treatment of ADHD
How many affected individuals would need long-term treatment with MPH to avoid any of the following long-term consequences of untreated ADHD?104 The results were independent of gender:
- 3 affected persons treated = 1 class repetition avoided
- 3 treated affected = 1 avoided oppositional deficit behavior
- 3 affected persons treated = 1 avoided behavior disorder (conduct disorder)
- 3 treated sufferers = 1 avoided anxiety disorder (with 2 impact types)
- 4 affected persons treated = 1 major depression avoided
- 4 affected persons treated = 1 serious car accident avoided (in simulation)
- 5 sufferers treated = 1 bipolar disorder avoided
- 6 affected persons treated = 1 smoker avoided
- 10 persons treated = 1 addiction avoided
5. Financial consequences of ADHD
A long-term study over 20 years on 604 subjects showed that ADHD sufferers have a lower net income and greater financial dependence on parents at the age of 30 than non-affected persons. This is true even when DSM criteria are no longer met. This deficit persists throughout life, resulting in $1.27 million lower expected lifetime income for males and up to 75% lower net worth at retirement than for unaffected individuals.105 In addition, ADHD-affected adults, if undiagnosed and untreated in childhood, earn significantly less income than their unaffected twins and incur €20,000 higher costs per person per year.106 Another study cites $182,000 (as of 2015) higher costs from medical care, education, and crime consequences per ADHD case persisting into adulthood.107
Another study concludes that ADHD sufferers aged 14 to 17 incur 5 times the direct annual costs associated with the affected child’s behavior (excluding treatment costs) and indirect costs associated with caregiver burden.19
6. ADHD and profession
Occupational problems are a common consequence of ADHD.
- Higher layoff rate 1.1 vs 0.3 jobs/time108
- Frequent job changes 2.7 vs 1.3 jobs/ 2- 8 yrs SE108
- Worse evaluations in the workplace108
7. ADHD and life (dis)satisfaction
Life dissatisfaction is a typical consequence of ADHD.
According to a study with n = 1000 participants, ADHD in adulthood leads to a significant reduction in life satisfaction (Quality of Life).109
In the areas
- Family life
- Partnership
- Social life
- Integration in society
- Health and fitness
- Professional life
- Achieving life goals
aDHD sufferers scored on average about 20% worse than non-affected persons.
Adults with the highest 10% of ADHD symptom expression according to ADHD-E were 4.10 times more likely to experience distress from general life dissatisfaction and 3.3 times more likely to experience distress from lack of social support than unaffected adults.110111
8. ADHD and delinquency/crime/prison
A number of studies have found many times higher rates of ADHD among prison inmates.
- 14 % to 45 % ADHD112113
- 25 %114
- 17.3%115 to 31%116 of juvenile inmates
- 25 % of all prisoners in USA117
- 28% of all incarcerated persons in U.S118
- 17.5% of 244 correctional inmates studied (n = 244)119
- 27.6% of 146 sex offenders studied (n=146, WURS 90 pts)119
- 22% of patients in forensic psychiatry (n = 86)120
- 9.1% of 55 Irish inmates studied121
- 19% of all ADHD sufferers had committed crimes, 0% in control group122
- 17% of all young men serving time for minor to moderate offenses in Lithuania.123 The ADHD-affected inmates were younger and had greater behavioral problems in prison. None of them had previously received an ADHD diagnosis.
- 20 to 30% of all young adult prison inmates.124
Assuming a prevalence of ADHD among adults of 4%, this would be seven times higher at 28% among prison inmates. The risk of going to prison is thus 7 times higher for ADHD sufferers than for non-affected persons.
Interestingly, amphetamines are the drugs most commonly used by prison inmates affected by ADHD.125 Amphetamine is known to be an active ingredient in highly effective ADHD medications.
A study of the correlation of ADHD symptoms and criminogenic thinking styles found that126
- Inattention was consistent and strongly associated with criminogenic mindsets, especially with
- Cutoff
- Cognitive inertia
- Discontinuity
-
Impulsivity was positively correlated with criminogenic thinking patterns, with
- Power orientation
- Hyperactivity was not associated with criminogenic thinking.
ADHD medication reduced crime rates among ADHD sufferers98
- For men by 31
- For women by 41
Soler Artigas, Sánchez-Mora, Rovira, Vilar-Ribó, Ramos-Quiroga, Ribasés (2022): Mendelian randomization analysis for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: studying a broad range of exposures and outcomes. Int J Epidemiol. 2022 Jun 12:dyac128. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyac128. PMID: 35690959. ↥ ↥ ↥
Burleson Daviss (2018): Depressive Disorders in ADHD, S. 91 in: Burleson Daviss (Hrsg.): Moodiness in ADHD – A Clinicians Guide ↥
Friend (2019): Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was associated with increased risk of suicidal behaviour. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2019 Dec 16. pii: edpract-2019-318308. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-318308. ↥
Gomes, Soares, Kieling, Rohde, Gonçalves (2019): Mental disorders and suicide risk in emerging adulthood: the 1993 Pelotas birth cohort. Rev Saude Publica. 2019 Oct 21;53:96. doi: 10.11606/s1518-8787.20190530012356. eCollection 2019. n = 3.781 ↥
James, Lai, Dahl (2004): Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and suicide: a review of possible associations. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004 Dec;110(6):408-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00384.x. PMID: 15521824. REVIEW ↥
Jaisoorya, Desai, Nair, Rani, Menon, Thennarasu (2019): Association of Childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms with Academic and Psychopathological Outcomes in Indian College Students: a Retrospective Survey. East Asian Arch Psychiatry. 2019 Dec;29(124):124-128. doi: 10.12809/eaap1771. n = 5.145 ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥
Bjork, Shull, Perrin, Shura (2022): Suicidal ideation and clinician-rated suicide risk in veterans referred for ADHD evaluation at a VA Medical Center. Psychol Serv. 2022 Apr 14. doi: 10.1037/ser0000659. PMID: 35420862. ↥
Biederman, Faraone, Spencer, Mick, Monuteaux, Aleardi (2006): Functional impairments in adults with self-reports of diagnosed ADHD: A controlled study of 1001 adults in the community. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;67(4):524-40. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥
Yu, Nevado-Holgado, Molero, D’Onofrio, Larsson, Howard, Fazel (2019): Mental disorders and intimate partner violence perpetrated by men towards women: A Swedish population-based longitudinal study. PLoS Med. 2019 Dec 17;16(12):e1002995. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002995. eCollection 2019 Dec. ↥
Hayashi, Suzuki, Saga, Arai, Igarashi, Tokumasu, Ota, Yamada, Takashio, Iwanami (2019): Clinical Characteristics of Women with ADHD in Japan. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019 Dec 4;15:3367-3374. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S232565. eCollection 2019. n = 335 ↥ ↥
Jernbro, Bonander, Beckman (2019): The association between disability and unintentional injuries among adolescents in a general education setting: Evidence from a Swedish population-based school survey. Disabil Health J. 2019 Sep 12:100841. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2019.100841. ↥
Jin, Chwo, Chen, Huang, Huang, Chung, Sun, Lin, Chien, Wu (2022): Relationship between Injuries and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Study with Long-Term Follow-Up in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Mar 29;19(7):4058. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19074058. PMID: 35409742; PMCID: PMC8998513. n = 9.010 ↥
Guo NW, Lin CL, Lin CW, Huang MT, Chang WL, Lu TH, Lin CJ (2016): Fracture risk and correlating factors of a pediatric population with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide matched study. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2016 Jul;25(4):369-74. doi: 10.1097/BPB.0000000000000243. PMID: 26523534. n = 7.200 ↥ ↥
Zhang, Shen, Yan (2021): ADHD, stimulant medication use, and the risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Osteoporos. 2021 Jun 2;16(1):81. doi: 10.1007/s11657-021-00960-3. PMID: 34076749. REVIEW ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥
Iverson, Kelshaw, Cook, Caswell (2020): Middle School Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Have a Greater Concussion History. Clin J Sport Med. 2020 Feb 6:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000773. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000773. PMID: 32032165. n = 1.037 ↥
Kafali, Biler, Palamar, Ozbaran (2020): Ocular injuries, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and maternal anxiety/depression levels: Is there a link? Chin J Traumatol. 2020 Apr;23(2):71-77. doi: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2019.11.008. PMID: 32201230; PMCID: PMC7156958. n = 79 ↥
Chou IC, Lin CC, Sung FC, Kao CH. (2014): Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder increases the risk of deliberate self-poisoning: A population-based cohort. Eur Psychiatry. 2014 Oct;29(8):523-7. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.05.006. PMID: 25172157. n = 3.685 ↥
Christiansen, Labriola, Kirkeskov, Lund (2021): The impact of childhood diagnosed ADHD versus controls without ADHD diagnoses on later labour market attachment-a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2021 Jun 23;15(1):34. doi: 10.1186/s13034-021-00386-2. PMID: 34162422; PMCID: PMC8220843. METASTUDIE ↥ ↥
Zhao, Page, Altszuler, Pelham III, Kipp, Gnagy, Coxe, Schatz, Merrill, Macphee, Pelham Jr. (2019): Family Burden of Raising a Child with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. August 2019, Volume 47, Issue 8, pp 1327–1338 ↥ ↥
Du Rietz, Brikell, Butwicka, Leone, Chang, Cortese, D’Onofrio, Hartman, Lichtenstein, Faraone, Kuja-Halkola, Larsson (2021): Mapping phenotypic and aetiological associations between ADHD and physical conditions in adulthood in Sweden: a genetically informed register study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021 Jul 6:S2215-0366(21)00171-1. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00171-1. PMID: 34242595. n = 4.789.799 ↥
Zhang, Du Rietz, Kuja-Halkola, Dobrosavljevic, Johnell, Pedersen, Larsson, Chang (2021): Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Alzheimer’s disease and any dementia: A multi-generation cohort study in Sweden. Alzheimers Dement. 2021 Sep 9. doi: 10.1002/alz.12462. PMID: 34498801. n = 2.132.929 ↥
Du R, Zhou Y, You C, Liu K, King DA, Liang ZS, Ranson JM, Llewellyn DJ, Huang J, Zhang Z. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and ischemic stroke: A Mendelian randomization study. Int J Stroke. 2022 Jul 6:17474930221108272. doi: 10.1177/17474930221108272. PMID: 35670701. ↥
Howard, Kennedy, Mitchell, Sibley, Hinshaw, Arnold, Roy, Stehli, Swanson, Molina (2019):Early substance use in the pathway from childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to young adult substance use: Evidence of statistical mediation and substance specificity. Psychol Addict Behav. 2019 Dec 30. doi: 10.1037/adb0000542. ↥ ↥
Elkins, Saunders, Malone, Keyes, Samek, McGue, Iacono (2017): Increased Risk of Smoking in Female Adolescents Who Had Childhood ADHD. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Jan 1;175(1):63-70. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010009. PMID: 28838251; PMCID: PMC5756118. ↥
Kaplan, Marcell, Kaplan, Cohen (2021): Association between e-cigarette use and parents’ report of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among US youth. Tob Induc Dis. 2021 Jun 4;19:44. doi: 10.18332/tid/136031. PMID: 34140843; PMCID: PMC8176894. n = 11.801 ↥
Pal, Balhara (2016): A Review of Impact of Tobacco Use on Patients with Co-occurring Psychiatric Disorders. Tob Use Insights. 2016 Mar 10;9:7-12. doi: 10.4137/TUI.S32201. PMID: 26997871; PMCID: PMC4788174. REVIEW ↥ ↥
Zamboni, Marchetti, Congiu, Giordano, Fusina, Carli, Centoni, Verlato, Lugoboni (2021): ASRS Questionnaire and Tobacco Use: Not Just a Cigarette. A Screening Study in an Italian Young Adult Sample. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 12;18(6):2920. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18062920. PMID: 33809225. n = 389 ↥
van Amsterdam, van der Velde, Schulte, van den Brink (2018): Causal Factors of Increased Smoking in ADHD: A Systematic Review. Subst Use Misuse. 2018 Feb 23;53(3):432-445. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1334066. PMID: 29039714. REVIEW ↥ ↥ ↥
Berg, Haardörfer, Lanier, Childs, Foster, Getachew, Windle (2020): Tobacco use trajectories in young adults: Analyses of predictors across systems levels. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020 Mar 14:ntaa048. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa048. PMID: 32170324. n = 2.592 ↥
Becker, Sharma, Callahan (2022): ADHD and Neurodegenerative Disease Risk: A Critical Examination of the Evidence. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022 Jan 25;13:826213. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.826213. PMID: 35145394; PMCID: PMC8822599. REVIEW ↥
Jaisoorya, Desai, Nair, Rani, Menon, Thennarasu (2019): Association of Childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms with Academic and Psychopathological Outcomes in Indian College Students: a Retrospective Survey. East Asian Arch Psychiatry. 2019 Dec;2 9(124):124-128. doi: 10.12809/eaap1771. n = 5.145 ↥
Rushton, Giallo, Efron (2019): ADHD and emotional engagement with school in the primary years: Investigating the role of student-teacher relationships. Br J Educ Psychol. 2019 Oct 26. doi: 10.1111/bjep.12316. n = 489 ↥
Loskutova, Waterman, Callen, Staton, Bullard, Shields (2020): Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice Patterns of Health Professionals Toward Medical and Non-medical Stimulant Use by Young Adults. J Am Board Fam Med. 2020 Jan-Feb;33(1):59-70. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2020.01.190071. ↥ ↥
Schwörer, Reinelt, Petermann, Petermann (2020): Influence of executive functions on the self-reported health-related quality of life of children with ADHD. Qual Life Res. 2020 Jan 3. doi: 10.1007/s11136-019-02394-4. ↥ ↥
Ghajar, DeBoer (2020): Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Are at Increased Risk for Slowed Growth and Short Stature in Early Childhood. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2020 Feb 1:9922820902437. doi: 10.1177/0009922820902437. PMID: 32009447. n = 7.603 ↥
Stern, Agnew-Blais, Danese, Fisher, Matthews, Polanczyk, Wertz, Arseneault (2020): Associations between ADHD and emotional problems from childhood to young adulthood: a longitudinal genetically sensitive study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020 Feb 29:10.1111/jcpp.13217. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13217. PMID: 32112575; PMCID: PMC7483180. n = 2.232 ↥
Steinhausen, Sobanski in Steinhausen, Rothenberger, Döpfner (2010): Handbuch AD(H)S, Kohlhammer, Seite 158 ff und 165 ff mit etlichen Nachweisen ↥
Leffa, Torres, Rohde (2018): A Review on the Role of Inflammation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2018;25(5-6):328-333. doi: 10.1159/000489635. mit etlichen Nachweisen ↥
Häge (2018): Psychostimulanzien und medikamentöse Behandlung der ADHS; Curriculum Entwicklungspsychopharmakologie; Potsdam, den 13.09.2018 ↥ ↥ ↥
Hayashi, Suzuki, Saga, Arai, Igarashi, Tokumasu, Ota, Yamada, Takashio, Iwanami (2019): Clinical Characteristics of Women with ADHD in Japan. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019 Dec 4;15:3367-3374. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S232565. eCollection 2019. n= 335 ↥
Dalsgaard, Østergaard, Leckman, Mortensen, Pedersen (2015): Mortality in children, adolescents, and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide cohort study, The Lancet, Volume 385, Issue 9983, 2015, Pages 2190-2196, ISSN 0140-6736, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61684-6. n = 1,92 Millionen ↥ ↥ ↥
Sun, Kuja-Halkola; Faraone, D’Onofrio, Dalsgaard, Chang, Larsson (2019): Association of Psychiatric Comorbidity With the Risk of Premature Death Among Children and Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1944, n = 2675615 ↥ ↥
Shem-Tov, Chodick, Weitzman, Koren (2019): The Association Between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Injuries, and Methylphenidate. Glob Pediatr Health. 2019 May 5;6:2333794X19845920. doi: 10.1177/2333794X19845920 ↥
DiScala, Lescohier, Barthel, Li (1998): Injuries to Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Pediatrics, December 1998, VOLUME 102 / ISSUE 6 ↥
Grigorian, Nahmias, Dolich, Barrios, Schubl, Sheehan, Lekawa (2019): Increased risk of head injury in pediatric patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2019 Jul 21. doi: 10.1111/jcap.12246. ↥
Romo, Sweerts, Ordonneau, Blot, Gicquel (2019): Road accidents in young adults with ADHD: Which factors can explain the occurrence of injuries in drivers with ADHD and how to prevent it? Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2019 Jul 16:1-6. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2019.1640697. ↥
Kittel-Schneider, Wolff, Queiser, Wessendorf, Meier, Verdenhalven, Brunkhorst-Kanaan, Grimm, McNeill, Grabow, Reimertz, Nau, Klos, Reif (2019): Prevalence of ADHD in Accident Victims: Results of the PRADA Study. J Clin Med. 2019 Oct 8;8(10). pii: E1643. doi: 10.3390/jcm8101643. ↥
Curry, Yerys, Metzger, Carey, Power (2019): Traffic Crashes, Violations, and Suspensions Among Young Drivers With ADHD. Pediatrics. 2019 Jun;143(6). pii: e20182305. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-2305. ↥
Raman, Engelhard, Kollins (2019): Driving the Point Home: Novel Approaches to Mitigate Crash Risk for Patients With ADHD. Pediatrics. 2019 May 20. pii: e20190820. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-0820. ↥
Catalá-López, Hutton, Page, Driver, Ridao, Alonso-Arroyo, Valencia, Macías Saint-Gerons, Tabarés-Seisdedos (2021): Mortality in Persons With Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2022 Feb 14:e216401. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.6401. PMID: 35157020. METASTUDIE ↥
Barkley, Dawson (2022): Higher Risk of Mortality for Individuals Diagnosed With Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Demands a Public Health Prevention Strategy. JAMA Pediatr. 2022 Feb 14:e216398. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.6398. PMID: 35157011. ↥
Ghirardi, Larsson, Chang, Chen, Quinn, Hur, Gibbons, D’Onofrio (2019): Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medication and Unintentional Injuries in Children and Adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019 Jul 11. pii: S0890-8567(19)30452-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.06.010. n = 1.968.146 AD(H)S-Betroffene ↥
Rockhill (2019): A Spoonful of Injury Prevention Makes the ADHD Medicine Go Down. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019 Dec 6. pii: S0890-8567(19)32224-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.11.019. ↥
Dalsgaard, Leckman, Mortensen, Nielsen, Simonsen (2015): Effect of drugs on the risk of injuries in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015 Aug;2(8):702-709. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00271-0. PMID: 26249301. n = 700.000 / 4.557 ↥
Liao YT, Yang YH, Kuo TY, Liang HY, Huang KY, Wang TN, Lee Y, McIntyre RS, Chen VC (2018): Dosage of methylphenidate and traumatic brain injury in ADHD: a population-based study in Taiwan. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018 Mar;27(3):279-288. doi: 10.1007/s00787-017-1042-7. PMID: 28856464. n = 124.438 ↥
Ghirardi, Chen, Chang, Kuja-Halkola, Skoglund, Quinn, D’Onofrio, Larsson (2019): Use of medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents with co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019 Oct 18. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13136. n = 9.421 ↥
Roy, Garner, Epstein, Hoza, Nichols, Molina, Swanson, Arnold, Hechtman (2019): Effects of Childhood and Adult Persistent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Risk of Motor Vehicle Crashes: Results From the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019 Aug 22. pii: S0890-8567(19)31458-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.08.007. ↥
McCarthy, Cranswick, Potts, Taylor, Wong (2009): Mortality associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drug treatment: a retrospective cohort study of children, adolescents and young adults using the general practice research database. Drug Saf. 2009;32(11):1089-96. doi: 10.2165/11317630-000000000-00000. ↥
Biederman, Ball, Monuteaux, Surman, Johnson, Zeitlin (2007): Are Girls with ADHD at Risk for Eating Disorders? Results from a Controlled, Five-Year Prospective Study. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics: August 2007 – Volume 28 – Issue 4 – p 302-307. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e3180327917 ↥
[Skyving, Forsman, Dukic Willstrand, Laflamme, Möller (2021): Medical impairment and road traffic crashes among older drivers in Sweden – A national, population-based, case-control study. Accid Anal Prev. 2021 Oct 23;163:106434. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106434. PMID: 34700248.)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34700248/ ↥
Yeh, Westphal, Hu, Peterson, Williams, Prabhakar, Frank, Autio, Elsiss, Simon, Beck, Lynch, Rossom, Lu, Owen-Smith, Waitzfelder, Ahmedani (2019): Diagnosed Mental Health Conditions and Risk of Suicide Mortality. Psychiatr Serv. 2019 Sep 1;70(9):750-757. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201800346. ↥
Fitzgerald, Dalsgaard, Nordentoft, Erlangsen (2019): Suicidal behaviour among persons with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2019 Jun 7:1-6. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2019.128. n = 2,9 Millionen ↥
Hua, Huang, Hsu, Bai, Su, Tsai, Li, Lin, Chen, Chen (2020): Early Pregnancy Risk Among Adolescents With ADHD: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study. J Atten Disord. 2020 Jan 23;1087054719900232. doi: 10.1177/1087054719900232. PMID: 31971056. ↥ ↥
Biederman, Ball, Monuteaux, Mick, Spencer, McCreary, Cote, Faraone (2008): New Insights Into the Comorbidity Between ADHD and Major Depression in Adolescent and Young Adult Females, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Volume 47, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 426-434, ISSN 0890-8567, https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816429d3 ↥
Powell, Riglin, Hammerton, Eyre, Martin, Anney, Thapar, Rice (2020): What explains the link between childhood ADHD and adolescent depression? Investigating the role of peer relationships and academic attainment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020 Jan 13;10.1007/s00787-019-01463-w. doi: 10.1007/s00787-019-01463-w.. PMID: 31932968. ↥
Charach, Yeung, Climans, Lillie (2011): Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Future Substance Use Disorders: Comparative Meta-Analyses, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Volume 50, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 9-21, ISSN 0890-8567, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.09.019 ↥
Groenman, Oosterlaan, Rommelse, Franke, Roeyers, Oades, Sergeant, Buitelaar, Faraone (2013), Follow‐up of substance use in ADHD. Addiction, 108: 1503-1511. doi:10.1111/add.12188, n = 1017 ↥ ↥
Chen, Chan, Wu, Lee, Lu, Liang, Dewey, Stewart, Lee (2019): Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Mortality Risk in Taiwan. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Aug 2;2(8):e198714. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.8714. ↥
Leibson, Katusic, Barbaresi, Ransom, O’Brien (2001): Use and Costs of Medical Care for Children and Adolescents With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. JAMA. 2001;285(1):60-66. doi:10.1001/jama.285.1.60 ↥
Kuppa, Maysun (2019): Risk of Alcohol Abuse in Humans with Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms. Cureus. 2019 Oct 25;11(10):e5996. doi: 10.7759/cureus.5996. ↥
Miesch, Deister (2019): Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit- und Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) in der Erwachsenenpsychiatrie: Erfassung der ADHS-12-Monatsprävalenz, der Risikofaktoren und Komorbidität bei ADHS. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2019; 87(01): 32-38. DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-119987 ↥
Döpfner, Mandler, Breuer, Schürmann, Dose, Walter, von Wirth (2020): Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Grown Up: An 18-Year Follow-Up after Multimodal Treatment. J Atten Disord. 2020 Aug 10:1087054720948133. doi: 10.1177/1087054720948133. PMID: 32772881. n = 70 ↥
Chang, Ghirardi, Quinn, Asherson, D’Onofrio, Larsson (2019): Risks and Benefits of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medication on Behavioral and Neuropsychiatric Outcomes: A Qualitative Review of Pharmacoepidemiology Studies Using Linked Prescription Databases. Biol Psychiatry. 2019 Sep 1;86(5):335-343. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.009. METASTUDIE ↥
Boland, DiSalvo, Fried, Woodworth, Wilens, Faraone. Biederman (2020): A literature review and meta-analysis on the effects of ADHD medications on functional outcomes. J Psychiatr Res. 2020 Jan 27;123:21-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.006. PMID: 32014701. METASTUDIE ↥
de Faria, Duarte, Ferreira, da Silveira, Menezes de Pádua, Perini (2021): “Real-world” effectiveness of methylphenidate in improving the academic achievement of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder diagnosed students-A systematic review. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2021 Jul 13. doi: 10.1111/jcpt.13486. PMID: 34254328. METASTUDIE ↥
Mechler, Banaschewski, Hohmann, Häge (2021): Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents. Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Jun 23:107940. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107940. PMID: 34174276. ↥
Chang, Quinn, O’Reilly, Sjölander, Hur, Gibbons, Larsson, D’Onofrio (2019): Medication for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk for Suicide Attempts. Biol Psychiatry. 2019 Dec 13;S0006-3223(19)31920-1. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.12.003. PMID: 31987492. n = 3.874.728 ↥
Chen, Sjölander, Runeson, D’Onofrio, Lichtenstein, Larsson (2014): Drug treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and suicidal behaviour: register based study. BMJ. 2014 Jun 18;348:g3769. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g3769. PMID: 24942388; PMCID: PMC4062356. n = 37.936 ↥ ↥
Siffel, DerSarkissian, Kponee-Shovein, Spalding, Gu, Cheng, Duh (2020): Suicidal ideation and attempts in the United States of America among stimulant-treated, non-stimulant-treated, and untreated patients with a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Affect Disord. 2020 Jan 22;266:109-119. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.075. PMID: 32063553. n = 797.189 ↥
Liang SH, Yang YH, Kuo TY, Liao YT, Lin TC, Lee Y, McIntyre, Kelsen, Wang TN, Chen VC (2018): Suicide risk reduction in youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder prescribed methylphenidate: A Taiwan nationwide population-based cohort study. Res Dev Disabil. 2018 Jan;72:96-105. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.10.023. PMID: 29121517. ↥ ↥
Man, Coghill, Chan, Lau, Hollis, Liddle, Banaschewski, McCarthy, Neubert, Sayal, Ip, Schuemie, Sturkenboom, Sonuga-Barke, Buitelaar, Carucci, Zuddas, Kovshoff, Garas, Nagy, Inglis, Konrad, Häge, Rosenthal, Wong (2017). Association of Risk of Suicide Attempts With Methylphenidate Treatment. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Oct 1;74(10):1048-1055. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2183. PMID: 28746699; PMCID: PMC5710471. n = 25.629 ↥
Chen VC, Chan HL, Wu SI, Lu ML, Dewey, Stewart, Lee CT (2020): Methylphenidate and mortality in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: population-based cohort study. Br J Psychiatry. 2020 Jul 14:1-9. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2020.129. PMID: 32662370. ↥
Chang Z, D’Onofrio, Quinn, Lichtenstein, Larsson (2016): Medication for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk for Depression: A Nationwide Longitudinal Cohort Study. Biol Psychiatry. 2016 Dec 15;80(12):916-922. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.02.018. PMID: 27086545; PMCID: PMC4995143. ↥
DeFroda, Quinn, Yang, Daniels, Owens (2020): The effects of methylphenidate on stress fractures in patients’ ages 10-29: a national database study. Phys Sportsmed. 2020 Feb 13:1-5. doi: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1725400. PMID: 32013692. n = 861.029 ↥
Ghirardi, Chen, Chang, Kuja-Halkola, Skoglund, Quinn, D’Onofrio, Larsson (2020): Use of medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents with co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020 Feb;61(2):140-147. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13136. PMID: 31625605; PMCID: PMC6980200. n = 9.421 ↥ ↥
Ruiz-Goikoetxea, Cortese, Aznarez-Sanado, Magallón, Alvarez Zallo, Luis, de Castro-Manglano, Soutullo, Arrondo (2018): Risk of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents with ADHD and the impact of ADHD medications: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018 Jan;84:63-71. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.007. PMID: 29162520. n = 13.254, METASTUDIE ↥
Gao, Man, Chan, Chui, Li, Coghill, Hon, Tse, Lum, Wong, Ip, Wong (2021): Treatment with Methylphenidate for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the Risk of All-Cause Poisoning in Children and Adolescents: A Self-Controlled Case Series Study. CNS Drugs. 2021 Jul;35(7):769-779. doi: 10.1007/s40263-021-00824-x. PMID: 34283391; PMCID: PMC8310501. ↥
Man, Chan EW, Coghill, Douglas, Ip, Leung LP, Tsui MS, Wong WH, Wong IC (2015): Methylphenidate and the risk of trauma. Pediatrics. 2015 Jan;135(1):40-8. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1738. PMID: 25511122. n = 17.381 ↥
Chen VC, Yang YH, Yu Kuo T, Lu ML, Tseng WT, Hou TY, Yeh JY, Lee CT, Chen YL, Lee MJ, Dewey, Gossop (2020): Methylphenidate and the risk of burn injury among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020 Jul 20;29:e146. doi: 10.1017/S2045796020000608. PMID: 32686635; PMCID: PMC7372158. n = 90.634 ↥
Chang Z, Lichtenstein, D’Onofrio, Sjölander, Larsson (2014): Serious transport accidents in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the effect of medication: a population-based study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014 Mar;71(3):319-25. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4174. PMID: 24477798; PMCID: PMC3949159. ↥ ↥
Chang Z, Quinn, Hur, Gibbons, Sjölander, Larsson, D’Onofrio (2017): Association Between Medication Use for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk of Motor Vehicle Crashes. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jun 1;74(6):597-603. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0659. PMID: 28492937; PMCID: PMC5539840. n = 2.319.450 ↥ ↥
Chen MH, Hsu JW, Huang KL, Bai YM, Ko NY, Su TP, Li CT, Lin WC, Tsai SJ, Pan TL, Chang WH, Chen TJ (2018): Sexually Transmitted Infection Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018 Jan;57(1):48-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.09.438. PMID: 29301669. n = 89.000 ↥
Hesapcıoglu, Kandemir (2020): Association of methylphenidate use and traditional/cyberbullying. Pediatr Int. 2020 Feb 5:10.1111/ped.14185. doi: 10.1111/ped.14185. PMID: 32022957. ↥
Schoenfelder, Faraone, Kollins (2014): Stimulant treatment of ADHD and cigarette smoking: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2014 Jun;133(6):1070-80. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-0179. PMID: 24819571; PMCID: PMC4531271. 14 Studien, n =2.360; METASTUDIE ↥
Chang, Lichtenstein, Halldner, D’Onofrio, Serlachius, Fazel, Långström, Larsson (2014): Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014 Aug;55(8):878-85. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12164. PMID: 25158998; PMCID: PMC4147667. n = 38.753 ↥
Humphreys, Eng T, Lee SS (2013): Stimulant medication and substance use outcomes: a meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Jul;70(7):740-9. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1273. PMID: 23754458; PMCID: PMC6688478. METAANALYSE ↥
Lichtenstein, Halldner, Zetterqvist, Sjölander, Serlachius, Fazel, Långström, Larsson (2012): Medication for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and criminality. N Engl J Med. 2012 Nov 22;367(21):2006-14. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1203241. PMID: 23171097; PMCID: PMC3664186. n = 25.656 ↥ ↥
Mohr-Jensen, Müller Bisgaard, Boldsen, Steinhausen (2019): Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence and the Risk of Crime in Young Adulthood in a Danish Nationwide Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019 Apr;58(4):443-452. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.11.016. PMID: 30768385. n = 4.200 ↥
Jangmo, Stålhandske, Chang Z, Chen Q, Almqvist, Feldman, Bulik, Lichtenstein, D’Onofrio, Kuja-Halkola, Larsson (2019): Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, School Performance, and Effect of Medication. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019 Apr;58(4):423-432. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.11.014. PMID: 30768391; PMCID: PMC6541488. n = 657.720 ↥
Lu Y, Sjölander, Cederlöf, D’Onofrio, Almqvist, Larsson, Lichtenstein (2017): Association Between Medication Use and Performance on Higher Education Entrance Tests in Individuals With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Aug 1;74(8):815-822. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1472. PMID: 28658471; PMCID: PMC5710548. n = 61.000 ↥
Keilow, Holm, Fallesen (2018): Medical treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Dis)order (ADHD) and children’s academic performance. PLoS One. 2018 Nov 29;13(11):e0207905. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207905. PMID: 30496240; PMCID: PMC6264851. n = 6.400 ↥
Tsujii, Okada, Usami, Kuwabara, Fujita, Negoro, Kawamura, Iida, Saito (2020): Effect of Continuing and Discontinuing Medications on Quality of Life After Symptomatic Remission in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020 Mar 24;81(3):19r13015. doi: 10.4088/JCP.19r13015. PMID: 32237294. n = 1.463 METASTUDIE ↥
Biederman, DiSalvo, Fried, Woodworth, Biederman, Faraone (2019): Quantifying the Protective Effects of Stimulants on Functional Outcomes in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Focus on Number Needed to Treat Statistic and Sex Effects, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2019, ISSN 1054-139X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.05.015. ↥
Pelham, Page, Altszuler, Gnagy, Molina, Pelham (2019): The long-term financial outcome of children diagnosed with ADHD. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2019 Dec 2. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000461. n = 604 ↥
Daley, Jacobsen, Lange, Sørensen, Walldorf (2019): The economic burden of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A sibling comparison cost analysis. Eur Psychiatry. 2019 Jul 6;61:41-48. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.06.011. n = 420 Zwillingspaare ↥
Shea, Perera, Mills (2019): Towards a fuller assessment of the economic benefits of reducing air pollution from fossil fuel combustion: Per-case monetary estimates for children’s health outcomes. Environ Res. 2019 Dec 9;182:109019. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109019. ↥
Barkley, Murphy (1998): ADHD: A Clinical Workbook; Milwaukee Young Adult Outcome Study, zitiert nach Oehler (2009), Vortrag beim 4. ADHS-Gipfel in Hamburg, 06.-08.02.2009 ↥ ↥ ↥
Biederman et al. 2006, zitiert nach Oehler (2009), Vortrag beim 4. ADHS-Gipfel in Hamburg, 06.-08.02.2009 ↥
Schmidt, Waldmann, Petermann, Brähler (2010): Wie stark sind Erwachsene mit ADHS und komorbiden Störungen in ihrer gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität beeinträchtigt? Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 58, 9–21, zitiert nach Schmidt, Petermann: ADHS über die Lebensspanne – Symptome und neue diagnostische Ansätze, Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 59 (3), 2011, 227–238, Seite 229 ↥
Baumgarten, Cohrdes, Schienkiewitz, Thamm, Meyrose, Ravens-Sieberer (2019): [Health-related quality of life and its relation to chronic diseases and mental health problems among children and adolescents : Results from KiGGS Wave 2].[Article in German] Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2019 Sep 16. doi: 10.1007/s00103-019-03006-9. ↥
Ginsberg, Hirvikoski, Lindefors (2010): Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among longer-term prison inmates is a prevalent, persistent and disabling disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 10 Art. Nr. 112, zitiert nach Schmidt, Petermann: ADHS über die Lebensspanne – Symptome und neue diagnostische Ansätze, Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 59 (3), 2011, 227–238, Seite 232, neben dort weiter genannten Studien ↥
Rösler, Retz, Retz-Junginger, Hengesch, Schneider, Supprian, Schwitzgebel, Pinhard, Dovi-Akue, Wender, Thome (2004): Prevalence of attention deficit-/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid disorders in young male prison inmates. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 254, 365 – 371, n = 183 ↥
Philipsen, Heßlinger, Tebartz van Elst: Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätsstörung im Erwachsenenalter – Diagnostik, Ätiologie und Therapie (ÜBERSICHTSARBEIT), Deutsches Ärzteblatt, Jg. 105, Heft 17, 25. April 2008, Seite 311 – 317, 313 , Seite 313 ↥
Beaudry, Yu, Långström, Fazel (2020): Mental Disorders Among Adolescents in Juvenile Detention and Correctional Facilities: An Updated Systematic Review and Metaregression Analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020 Feb 5:S0890-8567(20)30061-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.01.015. PMID: 32035113. ↥
Gosden et al. 2003; n = 100, zitiert nach Oehler (2009), Vortrag beim 4. ADHS-Gipfel in Hamburg, 06.-08.02.2009 ↥
Favarino 1988, zitiert nach Oehler (2009), Vortrag beim 4. ADHS-Gipfel in Hamburg, 06.-08.02.2009 ↥
Eyestone und Howell 1994, zitiert nach Oehler (2009), Vortrag beim 4. ADHS-Gipfel in Hamburg, 06.-08.02.2009 ↥
Oehler (2009), Vortrag beim 4. ADHS-Gipfel in Hamburg, 06.-08.02.2009 ↥ ↥
Blocher und Rösler 2002, zitiert nach Oehler (2009), Vortrag beim 4. ADHS-Gipfel in Hamburg, 06.-08.02.2009 ↥
Curran und Fitzgerald 1999, zitiert nach Oehler (2009), Vortrag beim 4. ADHS-Gipfel in Hamburg, 06.-08.02.2009, n = 55, Durchschnittsalter 26,2 J. ↥
Rasmussen, Gillberg (2000): Natural outcome of ADHD with developmental coordination disorder at age 22 years: a controlled, longitudinal, community-based study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000 Nov;39(11):1424-31., n = 55 vs. 46; Durchschnittsalter 22 J ↥
Kuzmickaitė, Leskauskas, Gylytė (2019): ADHD-Related Mental Health Issues of Young Adult Male Prisoners in Pravieniškės Correction House-Open Colony (Lithuania). Am J Mens Health. 2019 Jul-Aug;13(4):1557988319870974. doi: 10.1177/1557988319870974. ↥
Asherson, Johansson, Holland, Fahy, Forester, Howitt, Lawrie, Strang, Young, Landau, Thomson (2019): Randomised controlled trial of the short-term effects of OROS-methylphenidate on ADHD symptoms and behavioural outcomes in young male prisoners with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (CIAO-II). Trials. 2019 Dec 2;20(1):663. doi: 10.1186/s13063-019-3705-9. ↥
Rösler, Retz, Retz-Junginger, Hengesch, Schneider, Supprian, Schwitzgebel, Pinhard, Dovi-Akue, Wender, Thome (2004): Prevalence of attention deficit-/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid disorders in young male prison inmates. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 254, 365 – 371, zitiert nach Schmidt, Petermann: ADHS über die Lebensspanne – Symptome und neue diagnostische Ansätze, Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 59 (3), 2011, 227–238, Seite 232 ↥
Engelhardt, Nobes, Pischedda (2019): The Relationship between Adult Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Criminogenic Cognitions. Brain Sci. 2019 Jun 2;9(6). pii: E128. doi: 10.3390/brainsci9060128. ↥