6. MiRNA and RNA as genetic candidates in ADHD
- 6. MiRNA and RNA with possible expression abnormalities in ADHD
- 6.1. MiR-let-7d
- 6.2. Rno-let-7b-5d
- 6.3. MiR-let-7b-5p
- 6.4. MiR-let-7g-5p
- 6.5. MiR-18a-5p
- 6.6. MiR-22-3p
- 6.7. MiR-24-3p
- 6.8. MiR-26b-5p
- 6.9. MiR-30e-5p
- 6.10. MiR-34c*
- 6.11. Pri-miR34b/c
- 6.12. MiR-96
- 6.13. MiR-101-3p
- 6.14. MiR-106b-5p
- 6.15. MiR-107
- 6.16. MiR-126-5p
- 6.17. MiR-130a-3p
- 6.18. MiR-138
- 6.19. MiR-138*
- 6.20. MiR-138-5p
- 6.21. MiR-140-3p
- 6.22. MiR-142-5p
- 6.23. MiR-148b-3p
- 6.24. MiR-151a-3p
- 6.25. MiR-151a-5p
- 6.26. MiR-155-5p
- 6.27. MiR-181a-5p
- 6.28. MiR-185-5p
- 6.29. MiR-191-5p
- 6.30. MiR-195-5p
- 6.31. MiR-223-3p
- 6.32. MiR-296
- 6.33. MiR-200b-3p
- 6.34. MiR-320a
- 6.35. MiR-486-5p
- 6.36. MiR-494
- 6.37. MiR-641
- 6.38. MiR-652-3p
- 6.39. MiR-942-5p
- 6.40. MiR-4281
- 6.41. MiR-4466
- 6.42. MiR-4516
- 6.43. MiR-4655-3p
- 6.44. MiR-4763
- 6.45. MiR-6090
- 6.46. MiR-7641
- 6.47. HOTAIR, HOX TRANSCRIPT ANTISENSE RNA, NONCODING
6. MiRNA and RNA with possible expression abnormalities in ADHD
miRNAs are microRNAs. They regulate the expression of genes at the post-transcriptional level. Find out more at ⇒ Building blocks of heredity and behavior: Genes, DNA, RNA, proteins and co. In the section*⇒* Genetic and epigenetic causes of ADHD - introduction in the chapter ⇒ Origin.
miRNAs are substantially involved in the development of ADHD in children and adults.1
6.1. MiR-let-7d
A study found significantly elevated levels of the microRNA let-7d in the blood of 35 children with ADHD. The elevated blood levels of miR-let-7d correlated with a 16.7-fold increased risk of ADHD. Elevated miR-let-7d levels were associated with reduced galectin-3 expression in 66%. In a follow-up 1 year later, improvements in ADHD symptoms correlated with normalized miR-let-7d levels.2
However, one study found excessive galectin-3 blood plasma levels in children with ADHD.3
6.2. Rno-let-7b-5d
In SHR, a rat species representing a purely genetically caused ADHD-HI, miRNA let-7d is reported to be overexpressed in the PFC and to decrease the expression of galectin-3, leading to downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase, which is a precursor of dopamine synthesis.4
6.3. MiR-let-7b-5p
One study found a deviating (but not significant) expression of this miRNA in people with ADHD compared to those without.5
6.4. MiR-let-7g-5p
A review reports the miR-let-7g-5p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.6
6.5. MiR-18a-5p
The expression of this microRNA is said to be altered in ADHD.7
6.6. MiR-22-3p
The expression of this microRNA is said to be altered in ADHD.7
6.7. MiR-24-3p
The expression of this microRNA is said to be altered in ADHD.7
6.8. MiR-26b-5p
A genome-wide miRNA expression study found that this miRNA significantly contributed to ADHD by altering the myo-inositol signaling pathway. d-Myo-inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate is an intracellular second-messenger widely distributed in the brain that controls the biological response of a large number of hormones and neurotransmitters to target cells by regulating calcium release from intracellular stores.87
6.9. MiR-30e-5p
A review reports the miR–30e-5p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.6
6.10. MiR-34c*
Significantly decreased expression was found for this miRNA in the ADHD-HI rat model of SRH, which was associated with promoter inhibitory activity of the glucocorticoid receptor Nr3c1.2
6.11. Pri-miR34b/c
SNP in the promoter of pri-miR34b/c are thought to alter the expression of various genes, including
- MET
- NOTCH2
- HMGA2
which promotes the development of ADHD.9
6.12. MiR-96
miR-96 targets a SNP in the serotonin receptor HTR1B, which is associated with ADHD.10
6.13. MiR-101-3p
One report found significantly increased expression of this miRNA in ADHD.11 in blood serum.6
6.14. MiR-106b-5p
The expression of this microRNA is said to be altered in ADHD711 in blood serum.6
6.15. MiR-107
The expression of this microRNA is said to be altered in ADHD.7
6.16. MiR-126-5p
A review reports the miR-126-5p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.6
6.17. MiR-130a-3p
One report found significantly increased expression of this miRNA in ADHD.11 in blood serum.6
6.18. MiR-138
Significantly decreased expression was found for this miRNA in the ADHD-HI rat model of SRH, which was associated with promoter inhibitory activity of the glucocorticoid receptor Nr3c1.2
6.19. MiR-138*
Significantly decreased expression was found for this miRNA in the ADHD-HI rat model of SRH, which was associated with promoter inhibitory activity of the glucocorticoid receptor Nr3c1.2
6.20. MiR-138-5p
One report found significantly increased expression of this miRNA in ADHD11 in blood serum.6
6.21. MiR-140-3p
A review reports the miR-140-3p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.6
6.22. MiR-142-5p
A review reports the miR-142-5p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.6
6.23. MiR-148b-3p
One study found a significant deviation in the expression of this miRNA in people with ADHD compared to those without.5
6.24. MiR-151a-3p
A review reports the miR-151a-3p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.6
6.25. MiR-151a-5p
A review reports the miR-151a-5p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.6
6.26. MiR-155-5p
The expression of this microRNA is said to be altered in ADHD.7
6.27. MiR-181a-5p
One study found a deviating (but not significant) expression of this miRNA in people with ADHD compared to those without.5
6.28. MiR-185-5p
A genome-wide miRNA expression study found that this miRNA significantly contributed to ADHD by altering the myo-inositol signaling pathway. d-Myo-inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate is an intracellular second-messenger widely distributed in the brain that controls the biological response of a large number of hormones and neurotransmitters to target cells by regulating calcium release from intracellular stores.87
6.29. MiR-191-5p
A genome-wide miRNA expression study found that this miRNA significantly contributed to ADHD by altering the myo-inositol signaling pathway. d-Myo-inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate is an intracellular second-messenger widely distributed in the brain that controls the biological response of a large number of hormones and neurotransmitters to target cells by regulating calcium release from intracellular stores.87
6.30. MiR-195-5p
One report found significantly increased expression of this miRNA in ADHD11 in blood serum.6
6.31. MiR-223-3p
A review reports the miR-223-3p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.6
6.32. MiR-296
Significantly decreased expression was found for this miRNA in the ADHD-HI rat model of SRH, which was associated with promoter inhibitory activity of the glucocorticoid receptor Nr3c1.2
6.33. MiR-200b-3p
One study reported that miRNA miR-200b-3p and taurine were able to reduce ADHD symptoms of SHR.12
6.34. MiR-320a
One study found that the miRNA miR-320a was expressed differently (although not significantly) in people with ADHD compared to those without.5
6.35. MiR-486-5p
A review reports the miR-486-5p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.6
6.36. MiR-494
Significantly decreased expression was found for this miRNA in the ADHD-HI rat model of SRH, which was associated with promoter inhibitory activity of the glucocorticoid receptor Nr3c1.2
6.37. MiR-641
miR-641 targets SNAP-25. SNAP-25 is an essential component of the SNARE complex (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-binding protein receptors). The 3′-UTR SNPs of SNAP-25 modify the binding site of miR-641 and contribute to several psychiatric disorders, including ADHD.137
6.38. MiR-652-3p
One study found a significant deviation in the expression of this miRNA in people with ADHD compared to those without.5
6.39. MiR-942-5p
One study found a significant deviation in the expression of this miRNA in people with ADHD compared to those without.5
6.40. MiR-4281
A review reports the miR-4281 in blood serum as a potential biomarker for ADHD.6
6.41. MiR-4466
A review reports the miR-4466 in blood serum as a potential biomarker for ADHD.6
6.42. MiR-4516
A review reports the miR-4516 in blood serum as a potential biomarker for ADHD.6
6.43. MiR-4655-3p
In children with ADHD treated with MPH (Concerta) and atomoxetine, the SNAP-V score of attention deficit symptoms negatively correlated with the relative expression of miRNA-4655-3p and miRNA-7641 in one study. The authors suggest that the expression of miR-4655-3p and miR-7641 in serum could be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis and outcome assessment of ADHD-HI,14
6.44. MiR-4763
A review reports the miR-4763 in blood serum as a potential biomarker for ADHD.6
6.45. MiR-6090
A review reports the miR-6090 in blood serum as a potential biomarker for ADHD.6
6.46. MiR-7641
In children with ADHD treated with MPH (Concerta) and atomoxetine, the SNAP-V score of attention deficit symptoms negatively correlated with the relative expression of miRNA-4655-3p and miRNA-7641 in one study. The authors suggest that the expression of miR-4655-3p and miR-7641 in serum could be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis and outcome assessment of ADHD-HI,14
6.47. HOTAIR, HOX TRANSCRIPT ANTISENSE RNA, NONCODING
OMIM: HOTAIR, HOX TRANSCRIPT ANTISENSE RNA, NONCODING
The rs1899663 polymorphism of HOTAIR RNA is a possible ADHD risk, according to a study. 15
Further information about the people with ADHD can be found in the gene databases
http://omim.org/ and http://www.uniprot.org/
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Sayad, Badrlou, Ghafouri-Fard, Taheri (2020): Association Analysis Between the rs1899663 Polymorphism of HOTAIR and Risk of Psychiatric Conditions in an Iranian Population. J Mol Neurosci. 2020 Feb 8:10.1007/s12031-020-01499-7. doi: 10.1007/s12031-020-01499-7. PMID: 32036581. ↥