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AD(H)S hat nicht nur Symptome, die sich akut im Verhalten der Betroffenen zeigen, sondern daneben langfristige Folgen.
AD(H)S-Betroffene müssen massive Einschränkungen ihrer Lebensqualität in Kauf nehmen.
Ein unbehandeltes / nicht angemessen behandeltes AD(H)S hat massive Auswirkungen auf die gesamte Lebenszeit,3738 z.B.:
Bei Erwachsenen, die im Alter von 6 bis 10 Jahren eine individuelle AD(H)S-Therapie erhielten, fand sich 18 Jahre später:73
AD(H)S-Medikamente verringern die Risiken von AD(H)S-Symptomen und Folgewirkungen. Laut einer Metastudie verringert eine Medikation mit Stimulanzien die genannten Risiken um 9 bis 59 %.74
Eine andere Metastudie von 40 Untersuchungen fand eine robuste Schutzwirkung von AD(H)S-Medikamenten in Bezug auf75
Stimulanzien verringerten in mehreren großen Studien bei AD(H)S das Risiko für Selbstmordversuche um77
MPH verringerte bei Kindern mit AD(H)S die Gesamtmortalitätsrate um 20 %. Eine verzögerte Einnahme von MPH korrelierte mit einer um 5 % erhöhten Sterblichkeit. Die Langzeiteinnahme verringerte die Gesamtmortalitätsrate um 16 %.83
AD(H)S-Medikamente verringern das Risiko von Depressionen:84
Eine Behandlung von AD(H)S mit Methylphenidat verringerte das Risiko
AD(H)S-Betroffene, die nicht mit MPH behandelt wurden, wurden häufiger Opfer von Mobbing/Cyberbullying (körperliche Viktimisierung, Isolation, Zerstörung von Eigentum durch andere und sexuelle Viktimisierung), zerstörten häufiger Dinge anderer und zeigten häufiger Mobbingverhalten (täterseitig).94
AD(H)S-Medikamente verringern das Risiko für Betroffene,
AD(H)S-Medikamente bewirken keine Erhöhung des Risikos für Betroffene:97
AD(H)S-Medikamente verringern für Betroffene
AD(H)S-Medikamente verbessern die schulische Leistung.
Eine Medikation mildert die durch AD(H)S verursachte Verschlechterung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität erheblich ab.34
Eine Metaanalyse fand beim Absetzen von Medikamenten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen eine Verschlechterung der Lebensqualität, nicht aber bei Erwachsenen.103
Wie viele Betroffene muss man langfristig mit MPH behandeln, um eine der nachfolgend genannten Langzeitfolgen einer unbehandelten AD(H)S zu vermeiden?104 Die Ergebnisse waren geschlechtsunabhängig:
Eine Langzeitstudie über 20 Jahre an 604 Probanden zeigte, dass AD(H)S-Betroffene mit 30 Jahren ein geringeres Nettoeinkommen und eine größere finanzielle Abhängigkeit von den Eltern haben als Nichtbetroffene. Dies gilt auch, wenn die DSM-Kriterien nicht mehr erfüllt werden. Dieses Defizit bleibt lebenslang bestehen und führt zu einem um 1,27 Millionen Dollar niedrigeren zu erwartenden Lebenszeiteinkommen bei Männern und einem um bis zu 75 % niedrigeren Nettovermögen zum Rentenbeginn als bei Nichtbetroffenen.105 Daneben erzielen AD(H)S-Betroffene Erwachsene, wenn sie in ihrer Kindheit nicht diagnostiziert und behandelt wurden, ein deutlich geringeres Einkommen als ihre nicht betroffenen Zwillinge und verursachen pro Person 20.000 € höhere Kosten pro Jahr.106 Eine andere Studie nennt 182.000 Dollar (Stand 2015) höhere Kosten aus medizinischer Versorgung, Ausbildung und Kriminalitätsfolgen je ins Erwachsenenalter persistierendem AD(H)S-Fall.107
Eine andere Studie kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass AD(H)S-Betroffene im Alter von 14 bis 17 im Zusammenhang mit dem Verhalten des betroffenen Kindes (ohne Behandlungskosten) die 5-fachen direkten jährliche Kosten und indirekte Kosten im Zusammenhang mit der Belastung der Pflegepersonen verursachen.19
Berufliche Probleme sind eine häufige Folge von AD(H)S.
Lebensunzufriedenheit ist eine typische Folge von AD(H)S.
Nach einer Studie mit n = 1000 Teilnehmern führt AD(H)S im Erwachsenenalter zu einer erheblichen Einschränkung der Lebenszufriedenheit (Quality of Life).109
In den Bereichen
erreichten AD(H)S-Betroffene im Mittel ca. 20 % schlechtere Werte als Nichtbetroffene.
Bei Erwachsenen mit den höchsten 10 % der AD(H)S-Symptom-Ausprägung nach ADHS-E traten Belastungen durch allgemeine Lebensunzufriedenheit 4,10-fach häufiger und Belastungen durch mangelnde soziale Unterstützung 3,3 fach häufiger auf als bei Nichtbetroffenen.110111
Etliche Untersuchungen haben bei Gefängnisinsassen eine vielfach erhöhte AD(H)S-Quote ermittelt.
Geht man von einer Prävalenz von AD(H)S unter Erwachsenen von 4 % aus, wäre diese bei 28 % unter Gefängnisinsassen sieben mal so hoch. Das Risiko, ins Gefängnis zu kommen, ist für AD(H)S-Betroffene damit 7 mal so hoch wie für Nichtbetroffene.
Interessanterweise sind Amphetamine die von den von AD(H)S betroffenen Gefängnisinsassen am häufigsten konsumierten Drogen.125 Amphetamin ist bekanntlich ein Wirkstoff hochwirksamer Medikamente gegen AD(H)S.
Eine Untersuchung über die Korrelation von AD(H)S-Symptomen und kriminogenen Denkweisen fand, dass126
AD(H)S-Medikation verringerte die Kriminalitätsrate von AD(H)S-Betroffenen98
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