ADxS.org Logo
ADxS.org Logo
Search Donations Recent changes ADHD forum Deutsche Version
Register

Already have an account? Login

Header Image
1. Questionnaires for ADHD diagnosis

Sitemap

The ADxS.org project
Abstract from ADxS.org
Symptoms
Consequences of ADHD
Origin
Stress
Neurological aspects
Diagnostics
Prevention
Treatment
Addresses
This and that about ADHD
Tests and surveys
Forum

1. Questionnaires for ADHD diagnosis

Previous page Next page

Author: Ulrich Brennecke
Review: Dipl.-Psych. Waldemar Zdero (08/2024)

Questionnaires are filled out by people with ADHD themselves and their caregivers (parents, teachers, friends).

Questionnaires are very subjective and involve the risk that the respondent’s personal opinion about ADHD itself influences the response scale. It can happen that parents reject the diagnosis of ADHD in principle, especially in their own child. Likewise, subjective ideas of people with ADHD (perhaps that they “want” a diagnosis in the hope of finding a solution to their suffering, perhaps that they reject a diagnosis because they fundamentally reject ADHD or to avoid stigmatization) or the change in assessment standards due to intensive prior employment can distort the results (bias).

For example, in tests of elimination diets for ADHD, the results of parent surveys are always far more positive than the results of objective tests.1 As this occurs even in double-blind studies, there is a considerable bias on the part of parents to report the subjectively desired result (that ADHD can be treated with a diet rather than with critically considered medication).
However, it is also conceivable that the parents were already enthusiastic about the small improvements that an elimination diet can bring or that a placebo effect can have on the child with ADHD and were not even aware of the much better effect that could be achieved through medication or therapy, or at least were not aware of it at the time of the assessment.

The accuracy of clinical questionnaires should not be overestimated. Even very renowned standard tools should not be misunderstood as an objective benchmark.
A study of n = 76 diagnosed with ADHD from 19 to 63 years and unaffected individuals assigned to either a control group (N = 58, 18 to 73 years) or a simulation group (n = 46, 18 to 57 years) found:

  • CAARS2
    • Sensitivity in experimental simulators 24 % to 65 %
    • Error rate for sample of people with ADHD 8 % and 34 %
    • Specificity “perfect”
  • SRSI (which was not developed for ADHD, but to assess overreporting of symptoms)2
    • Sensitivity in experimental simulators 69 % to 82 %
    • Error rate in sample of people with ADHD 33 % and 47 %
    • Specificity 90 %

Sensitivity: People with ADHD are correctly recognized as people with ADHD

  • Example: Sensitivity of 85 %: 15 % of the results are false negative. 15% of people with ADHD are incorrectly assessed as not having ADHD

Specificity: Non-ADHD persons are correctly recognized as non-ADHD persons

  • Example: Specificity of 91 %: 9 % of the results are false positives. Of the subjects assessed as having ADHD, 9% are not actually affected

Kappa: Comparison of observed agreement between raters with the expected agreement in the case of random agreement (1 would be perfect)

1. Questionnaires, interviews, tests according to sensitivity and specificity

Sensitivity: People with ADHD are correctly recognized as people with ADHD
Specificity: Healthy people are correctly recognized as healthy people
AUC: Area under the curve; selectivity. 0.5 = chance; 1 = 100 % = perfect

  • 0.6 - 0.7: poor
  • 0.7 - 0.8: acceptable
  • 0.8 - 0.9: good
  • 0.9 - 1.0: excellent

A significance of 80 % and a specificity of 80 % are assumed to be appropriate values.3 These values are barely achieved by a single test for ADHD. A combination of several tests is therefore required to diagnose ADHD.
However, sensitivity and specificity are not the only relevant criteria for a questionnaire.

An exaggeration makes it clear: you could create a perfect questionnaire with just one question that, if answered truthfully, has a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 100%. The question is: “Do you have ADHD?”
This persiflage is intended to point out that the fewer questions are asked, the more these questions are on a meta-level and therefore much more difficult for the people with ADHD to answer than questions that are aimed at life facts, of which, however, more are needed for a reliable assessment in Consequences.
In a nutshell: We are very skeptical as to whether it is good for science that more and more studies on ADHD rely exclusively on self-report on the 6 questions of the ASRS, and we view this development with concern.

The following table is sorted alphabetically.

Name of the instrument / test Test type Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Target group / special features
ASRS 1.1. (ADHD Self-Report Scale) Screening, self-report questionnaire, 6 questions 39 % for recommended 0-6 scoring4; 61 %5; 65 % for 0-24 scoring4; 78.3 %6; 91.4 to 91.9 %7 95.6 (German version)8; 99.5 %9 68.7 %9; 72.3 % (German version)8; 86 %56 ; 88 % for the recommended 0-6 scoring4; 94 % for the 0-24 scoring4; 74 % to 96 %7 Adults; short questionnaire, very good results
ASRS 18 (ADHD Self-Report Scale) Screening, self-report questionnaire, 18 questions Cut-off 43: 56% for girls; Cut-off 44: 52% for girls; Cut-off 38: 56% for boys; cut-off 45: 17% for boys10 Cut-off 43: 90% for girls; cut-off 44: 93% for girls; cut-off 38: 90% for boys; cut-off 45: 93% for boys10
ASRS-A 1.1. (Adolescent ADHD Self-Report Scale) Screening, self-report questionnaire, 18 questions 74 %11 adolescents; short questionnaire; better for girls than for boys
ASRS-AP-S 1.1. (Parent of Adolescent ADHD Self-Report Scale) Screening, self-report questionnaire, 6 questions 80 %12 74 %12 Adolescents; short questionnaire for their parents; better for girls than for boys
ASRS-A-S 1.1. (Parent of Adolescent ADHD Self-Report Scale) Screening, self-report questionnaire, 6 questions 79 %13 adolescents; short questionnaire; better for girls than for boys
ASRS-AP 1.1. (Parent of Adolescent ADHD Self-Report Scale) Screening, self-report questionnaire, 18 questions 78 %12 75 %12 Adolescents; short questionnaire for their parents; better for girls than for boys
ASRS v1.1 in substance use population Screening, self-report questionnaire, 6 questions 60.9 %14; 79.3 %15; 83.3 %8; 86.7 %16; 87.5 %17; 84 to 88 %18; 100 %19 26 %20; 66 %19; 66.1 %16; 66.1 %8; 66 to 67 %18; 68.6 %17; 70.3 %15 Adults with addiction problems
ADHD RS-IV Questionnaire 63 % to 72 % (school)21; 83 % to 84 % (home)21 49 % (home)21; 86 % (school)21 Children and adolescents
BADDS (Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scale), Brazilian Portuguese translation, for comorbid SUD22 Questionnaire 72 % 88 %
CAARS (Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale) Questionnaire 65 % (Conners Index)23; 80 %5; 80 % with comorbid SUD14 61 % (Conners Index)23; 80 %5; 91 %5 Adults; questionnaire
CASQ (Conners Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire) (meta-analysis, k = 11)24 Questionnaire 83 % 84 % Children and adolescents; questionnaire for parents
CTRS/CPRS (Conners’ Teacher/Parent Rating Scales)25 Questionnaire 83.5 % 35.7 % children; high sensitivity, low specificity
CTRS-R (Conners Teacher Rating Scale-Revised) (meta-analysis, k = 11)24 Questionnaire 72 % 84 % Children and adolescents; questionnaire for teachers
CBCL-AP scale (Child Behavior Checklist-Attention Problem)(meta-analysis, k = 14)24 Questionnaire 77 % 73 % Children and adolescents
CRS-R (Conners Parent Rating Scale-Revised} (meta-analysis, k = 11)24 Questionnaire 75 % 85 % Children and adolescents; questionnaire for parents
CPTs (Continuous Performance Tests, total score) (meta-analysis, k = 19, n = 835)26 Performance test 75% ADHD total; 63% omission errors, 59% addition errors 71% ADHD total; 74% omission errors; 66% addition errors Children & adolescents; moderate values, only useful as a supplement
DISC-5 (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children) Parent + teacher reports 27 Interview 94.7 % 64.2 % Combined parent and teacher reports
DISC-5 (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children)27 Interview 80.8 % (parents), 82.8 % (adolescents) 71.6 % (parents), 65 % (adolescents) children; parent report. DISADVANTAGE: German version NOT SUFFICIENT FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF STIMULANCES, as not yet available in German
DIVA 2.0 (Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults)28 Interview 90 % 72.9 % Adults; interview-based
DIVA 2.0 + CPT (combination with performance tests)28 Interview + performance test 90 % 83.3 % Adults; combination increases specificity
Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present Lifetime Version29 Questionnaire 86 % 80 % Questionnaires for parents and teachers; false-positive rate 20 %, false-negative rate 14 %
PAPA (Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment) structured diagnostic interview of parents 92 % at cut-off 21.5, Persian version30 0.1 % at cut-off 21.5, Persian version30 Preschool children; positive diagnostic value 95.83 %, negative diagnostic value 98.91 %, overall diagnostic accuracy = 98.67 % for DSM 5, Persian version30
Parent Interview for Child Symptoms (PICS) with Teacher Telephone Interview (TTI)25 Semi-structured interview 91.8 % 70.7 % Children
QbCheck Onlineassessment 82.6 %31 79.5 %31
QbTest (computerized achievement test, total score)32 computerized achievement test 47 % to 67 %33; 78 %32; 86 % to 96 %34 36 % to 39.5 % 34; 70 %32; 72 % to 84 %33 Children aged 6 to 12 years
SNAP-IV (teacher-teacher interview, 2-stage)29 Interview 83 to 86 % 80 to 97 % Children; combination of teacher questionnaires and teacher interview
SWAN-AD Scale of Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale (SWAN-DE-SB), German version, cut-off 2.6135 Questionnaire 93.3 % 90.9 % ADHD in adults; values at optimal cut-off
SWAN-HI Scale of Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale (SWAN-DE-SB), German version, cut-off 2.7235 Questionnaire 91.2 % 90.9 % ADHD in adults; values at optimal cut-off
SWAN-TOT Scale of Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale (SWAN-DE-SB), German version, cut-off 2.6435 Questionnaire 95.6 % 100 % ADHD in adults; values at optimal cut-off
Wender-Reimherr Adult Attention Deficit Disorder Scale (SR-WRAADDS)36 Questionnaire 97 % (ADHD vs. non-affected); 87 % (ADHD vs. depression or anxiety) 89 % (ADHD vs. non-affected); 49 % (ADHD vs. depression or anxiety) Self-assessment questionnaire for adults; values determined with optimal cut-off adjustment in group
WURS Questionnaire 88 %5; 79.6 %16 60.3 %16; 75 %5 Retrospective presence of childhood ADHD in adults
WURS + CAARS combined Questionnaire 71 %5 ; 87.5 % with comorbid SUD5 95 %5 Children
WURS-K37 Questionnaire 27.7 % 90.3 % retrospective presence of childhood ADHD in adults

2. Clinical expert scales

Clinical expert scales:38

  • IDA-R (Integrated Diagnostics of Adult ADHD, revised version)
    • Standardized diagnostic guide that draws on existing instruments39
    • Step 1: ASRS as screening
    • Step 2: ADHD symptoms in childhood
      • Unlike WURS-k, uses not only self-reporting, but also third-party anamnestic information
      • IDA is based on the 5 ADHD core symptom items of the WURS-k with the highest discriminatory power (between 0.52 and 0.60):
        • Concentration problems
        • Fidgety/nervous
        • Loss of self-control
        • Low stamina
        • Inattentive/dreamy
      • Characteristics that indicate frequently occurring oppositional and emotional disorders in children and that show high discriminatory power values (0.53 to 0.61) are recorded by IDA but not included in the evaluation
        • Strong mood swings/moody
        • Disobedient/rebellious/rebellious
        • Tendency to be or act unreasonably
      • Cutoff39
        • At 6 or higher: specificity of 85 % (15 % are detected although not given) and sensitivity of 91 % (9 % are incorrectly not detected) (recommended; is nevertheless stricter than WURS-K with more incorrect non-detection of child ADHD symptoms)
        • At 7 or higher: specificity at over 99 % (1 % are detected although not given), sensitivity at 79 % (21 % are incorrectly not detected)
      1. Step: Diagnosis of acute symptoms according to DSM / ICD
      • Semi-standardized interview
      • Finding symptoms
      • Identification of restrictions in several areas of life
  • AD-H-D test system: Attention and hyperactivity deficit disorder questionnaire test40
  • Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale (BAARS-IV) against Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults 2.0 (DIVA-2) in n = 390 male prison inmates in England41
    • Sensitivity: 37.9 %
    • Specificity: 96.3 %
  • Before School Functioning Questionnaire (BSFQ)42
  • CAPT: Continuous Attention Performance Test - German version43
  • Clinical Assessment of Attention Deficit-Adult44
    • NI scale, cut-off 51: sensitivity 30 %, specificity 90 %
    • IF scale, cut-off 4: sensitivity 18 %, specificity 90 %
    • PI scale, cut-off 27: sensitivity 36 %, specificity 90 %
  • Conners 3-Parent Short Form, C 3-P(S)45
  • Conners 3-Teacher Short Form, C 3-T(S)45
  • Conners Early Childhood46
  • Diagnostic checklist (ADHD-DC) for adults47
  • Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults 2.0 (DIVA-2)
  • DIVA 5
    • Validity Korean version:48
      • Diagnostic accuracy: 92 %
      • Sensitivity: 91.30 %
      • Specificity: from 93.62 %
  • Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-Plus): ADHD module
    • Validity in patients with substance use disorders (SUD) compared to the Conners’ Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV (CAADID):49
      • Sensitivity: 74 %
      • Specificity 91 %
      • Positive predictive value: 60 %
      • Negative predictive value 96 %
      • Kappa: 0.60
  • Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition50
    • The combination of four item subgroups (listening and paying attention, expressing complex ideas, social communication and following instructions) classified children with ADHD with
      • Sensitivity: 87.5 %
      • Specificity: 87.5 %
    • Only reading skills, writing skills and time and data distinguished children with specific learning disabilities from controls
  • Wender-Reimherr Interview (WRI)
    Mixture of neuropsychological test and external assessment scales:
  • Quantitative Behavior Test (QbTest); manufacturer: qbtech515253
    • A combination of CPT and motion analysis using an infrared measuring system54
    • 70 % accuracy in adults aged 55 to 79 years
    • In combination with the self-reported severity of ADHD symptoms 91 % accuracy
    • Two versions:
      • QbTest
        • Children aged 7 to 12 years
        • Simple target recognition task (“Go/No-Go”); each time a circle appears on the screen, the respondent should press a hand-responder button, but not react if a cross appears in front of the circle. Similar to the Conners CPT due to the inhibitory component
      • QbTest+
        • From 12 years
        • Working memory component, similar to the A-X CPT. Subjects observe blue and red squares and circles appearing one after the other. They are asked to react when two consecutive symbols match in color and shape.
        • Physical activity component during the CPT is measured with an infrared camera that measures the movement of a reflector in the center of the subject’s forehead

3. Self-assessment questionnaires

A meta-study of 9 ADHD questionnaires found that only 37% asked identical symptoms/behaviors.55 Most of the questionnaires for children were answered by parents, most of the questionnaires for adults were self-tests.
In questionnaires, a study showed considerable deviations in the assessments of parents, teachers and people with ADHD, with the exception of emotional dysregulation, all existing symptoms, but even more so the frequency of their occurrence.56
In the case of self-assessment questionnaires, response tendencies and unintentional misjudgments can influence the result.
Subjects who were asked to report their daily physical activity showed considerable deviations from the actigraphy measurement, even though they were aware of the actigraphy measurement.57
Children with ADHD performed worse on tests with a slow event rate, while their results on exciting, challenging tasks were comparable to those of people with ADHD.58 59 It is consistent with this that the results of tests with people with ADHD change when rewards are promised.60 This also indicates that it is not the ability to concentrate or inhibition that is impaired per se, but rather the insufficient activation by “normally interesting” stimuli that is the actual key.

  • Behavioral symptoms were asked from 28% to 81% of the questions in the questionnaires
  • Cognitive symptoms were addressed by 9% to 44% of the questions
  • Emotional symptoms accounted for between 0% and 24% of the questions
  • Physical symptoms were only surveyed at all in 3 out of 9 instruments

3.1. Self-assessment questionnaires for diagnostics

Self-assessment questionnaires:38

  • ADHD self-assessment scale (ADHD-SB) for adults47
    • Sensitivity: 65 % to 88 %
    • Specificity: 67 % to 92 %
  • ADHD screening for adults (ADHD-E) (including severity of severity compared to standard values)
  • ADHD-RS-IV* Adult; with Adult Prompts
    • Self-report scale with 18 items for the assessment of ADHD according to DSM-IV. A validation of the Spanish version of the ADHD-RS was carried out
    • No gender differences found in evaluation
    • Cut-off value of 24 points across all forms of presentation, Spanish version61
      • Sensitivity: 81.9 %
      • Specificity: 74.7 %
      • PPV: 50.0 %
      • NPV: 93.0 %
      • Kappa coefficient: 0.78
      • AUC: 89 %
    • Cut-off value of 24 points for ADHD-C, Spanish version61
      • Sensitivity: 81.9 %
      • Specificity: 87.3 %
      • PPV: 78.6 %
      • NPV: 89.4 %
      • Kappa coefficient: 0.88
      • AUC: 94 %
    • Cut-off value of 21 points for ADHD-I, Spanish version61
      • Sensitivity: 70.2 %
      • Specificity: 76.1 %
      • PPV: 71.7 %
      • NPV: 74.8 %
      • Kappa coefficient: 0.88
      • AUC: 94 %
  • BADD: Brown Attention Deficit Disorders Scale, a self-completion questionnaire with 40 points to assess cognitive ADHD symptoms
    Emotional dysregulation (also in ADHD) can be tested with the
  • Children with Difficulties (QCD)62
  • Conners Scales of Attention and Behavior for Adults - Self-Assessment (CAARS-S)
  • Cologne ADHD Test for Adults (KATE)
    • Folder with various tests and evaluation instructions
    • ASRS 1.1.
  • Reactivity, Intensity, Polarity and Stability questionnaire (RIPoSt-40)63
  • Wender-Reimherr self-assessment (WR-SB)
  • Wender-Reimherr Adult Attention Deficit Disorder Scale (SR-WRAADDS)
  • Youth Self-Report, YSR/11-18 (questionnaire for young people)64
  • INDT-ADHD65
    • Indian ADHD questionnaire with 18 items for ADHD in children with a 4-factor structure
    • ADHD vs non-affected: sensitivity 87.7 %, specificity 97.2 %, positive predictive value 98.0 %, negative predictive value 83.3 %
    • ADHD vs other neurodevelopmental disorders: Sensitivity 87.7 %, specificity 42.9 %, positive predictive value 58.1 %, negative predictive value 79.4 %
    • Convergent validity with Conner’s Parents Rating Scale: r = 0.73
  • ADHD RS-IV short, 6 items: AUC 98 % at cut-off of 666
  • Quick Delay Questionnaire (QDQ); self-report questionnaire for recording delay-related behavior in adults67

3.2. Screening

  • ASRS 1.1.
    • ADHD screening by the WHO68
    • 6-item short screening
    • 18-item long screening
    • The ASRS 1.1 rating scales have a very limited diagnostic value10
    • The high negative predictive value is typical for a (non-diagnostic) screening instrument that must not overlook any possible case, with a low positive predictive value, meaning that more than every second person with a positive ASRS is not diagnosed with ADHD
    • For adults:
      • Sensitivity:
      • Specificity:
      • Positive predictive value:
      • Negative predictive value:
      • Average time to complete less than 1 minute
    • A different evaluation method resulted in significantly improved values70
      • Quantitative assessment between 0 and 24 points with a threshold value of 12 points:
      • Sensitivity: 96.7 %
      • Specificity: 91.1 %
      • Positive prediction value: 91.6 %
      • Negative prediction value: 96.5 %
      • Kappa index: 0.88
      • AUC: 0.94
  • ASRS-5, Adult ADHD Self-Report Screening Scale for DSM-5, German version:71
    • Sensitivity 95.6 %
    • Specificity 72.3 %
  • Provisional Diagnostic Instrument 4; PDI-4
    • short self-report questionnaire for adults for various disorders
    • ADHD:
      • Sensitivity:
        • 82 %72
        • 79 % (compared to CAARS-S at cut-off 28)73
      • Specificity:
        • 73 %72
        • 87 % (compared to CAARS-S at cut-off 28)73
    • Generalized anxiety disorder
      • Sensitivity:
        • 83 %72
        • 64 % (compared to HADS-A at cut-off 14)73
      • Specificity:
        • 75 %72
        • 92 % (compared to HADS-A at cut-off 14)73
    • Severe depressive episode
      • Sensitivity:
        • 80 %72
        • 69 % (compared to PHQ-9 at cut-off 12)73
      • Specificity:
        • 80 %72
        • 90 % (compared to PHQ-9 at cut-off 12)73
    • Mania
      • Sensitivity:
        • 83 %72
        • 52 % (compared to MDQ at cut-off 7)73
      • Specificity:
        • 82 %72
        • 86 % (compared to MDQ at cut-off 7)73

4. External evaluation questionnaires

  • Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA)74
    • Children 5 to 10 years
      • AUC 74 % for caregiver questionnaire
    • Teenagers 11 to 18 years
      • AUC 73 % for caregiver questionnaire
      • AUC 61 % for teacher questionnaire
  • Attention Deficit Disorders Evaluation Scale (ADDES)
    • Parent questionnaire with 46 items
    • Sensitivity below 70 %, even with a low cut-off75
  • ADHD/ODDEFB: ADHD/ODD parent questionnaire76
  • Assessment form for parents, teachers and educators (FBB-HKS)77
  • CAARS Parent ADHD Index
    • Sensitivity: 94 % (cut-off: greater than 53); 43 % (cut-off: greater than 60); 86 % to 100 % (optimized cut-off)78
    • Specificity: 54 % (cut-off: greater than 53); 78 % (cut-off: greater than 60); 34 % to 80 % (optimized cut-off)78
    • AUC: 78 % (cut-off: greater than 8); 61 % to 94 % (optimized cut-off)78
  • CAARS Young adult ADHD Index
    • Sensitivity: 57 % (cut-off: greater than 56); 36 % (cut-off: greater than 60); 23 % to 81 % (optimized cut-off)78
    • Specificity: 81 % (cut-off: greater than 56); 90 % (cut-off: greater than 60); 63 % to 92 % (optimized cut-off)78
    • AUC: 70 % (cut-off: greater than 8); 51 % to 90 % (optimized cut-off)78
  • CHAOS scale
    • Rating Scale for Core Symptoms of ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
    • 22 items
    • Is filled in by parents and teachers
  • Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL/1.5-5
    • Parent questionnaire on the behavior of preschool children between 1.5 and 5 years of age7945
  • Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL/6-18
    • Parent questionnaire on the behavior of children and adolescents aged 4 to 188045
  • Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI)
    • Parent questionnaire with 75 questions
    • CABI is more accurate than CBCL in relation to ADHD and anxiety, CBCL is more accurate in relation to conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant behavior (ODD)81
  • Childhood executive function inventory (CHEXI)82
    • Questionnaire for parents and teachers
    • Parent rating of the Inhibition subscale: sensitivity 03 %, specificity 93 %
  • Conners scales on attention and behavior - external assessment (CAARS-O) 83
  • Conners Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire (ASQ)
    • Parent questionnaire with 10 items
    • Sensitivity below 70 %, even with a low cut-off75
  • Expression and Emotion Scale for Children (EESC)
    • Questionnaire for parents of children with ADHD
    • Sensitivity 75 %, specificity 67 %, accuracy 71 %, Cronbach’s α = 0.76; Pearson correlation r = 0.91; reproducibility ICC = 0.66 for Portuguese version84
  • Parent ABC hyperactivity subscale
    • Sensitivity: 91 % (cut-off: greater than 3); 79 % to 98 % (optimized cut-off)78
    • Specificity: 42 % (cut-off: greater than 3); 22 % to 68 % (optimized cut-off)78
    • AUC: 66 % (cut-off: greater than 8); 47 % to 86 % (optimized cut-off)78
  • Parent SDQ ADHD subscale
    • Sensitivity: 60 % (cut-off: greater than 6); 45 % (cut-off: greater than 7); 41 % to 88 % (optimized cut-off)78
    • Specificity: 93 % (cut-off: greater than 6); 97 % (cut-off: greater than 7); 85 % to 98 % (optimized cut-off)78
    • AUC:
      • 79 % (cut-off: greater than 8); 66 % to 92 % (optimized cut-off)78
      • 67% total score for all psychiatric problems in children aged 39 months85
      • 61 % “Internalization” subscale for internalizing problems in children aged 39 months85
      • 77 % “Externalization” subscale for ADHD and other externalizing disorders in children aged 39 months85
  • Parent/Teacher Questionaries (Conner)86
  • Parent Rating of Evening and Morning Behavior Scale, Revised (PREMB-R)42
  • Quantitative Behavior Test (QbTest)5152
    • To be completed by diagnostician or parents
    • 70 % accuracy in adults aged 55 to 79 years
    • In combination with the self-reported severity of ADHD symptoms 91 % accuracy
  • SDQ ADHD-Hyperactivity-inattention subscale
    • AUC 74 % for ADHD-C and ADHD-HI87
    • AUS 22 % for ADHD-I
  • Teacher Rating Form (TRF 6-18)8045
  • Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale
  • Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale - Parent Form (WFIRS-P)
    • Children and adolescents with ADHD vs. non-ADHD controls
    • AUC 98 % for the total WFIRS-P score with a cut-off of 0.4588
    • AUC 73 % to 97 % for the subscales88
    • Sensitivity 88 % for the total WFIRS-P score with a cut-off of 0.4588
    • Specificity 96 % for the total WFIRS-P score with a cut-off of 0.4588
    • Sensitivity 92 % for the “Family” subscale with a cut-off of 0.4288
    • Specificity 96 % for the “Family” subscale with a cut-off of 0.4288
    • Sensitivity of the “self-concept” and “life skills” subscales low88
    • AUC: 91% for the total WFIRS-P score with a cut-off of 0.6589
    • Sensitivity: 83 % for the total WFIRS-P score with a cut-off of 0.6589
    • Specificity: 85 % for the total WFIRS-P score with a cut-off of 0.6589
    • DeLong test: no significant differences in AUCs for men vs. women or 5 to 12 years vs. 13 to 19 years89
  • Young adult SDQ ADHD subscale
    • Sensitivity: 28 % (cut-off: greater than 8); 31 % (cut-off: greater than 6); 4 % to 54 % (optimized cut-off)78
    • Specificity: 100 % (cut-off: greater than 8); 88 % (cut-off: greater than 6); 100 % to 100 % (optimized cut-off)78
    • AUC: 65 % (cut-off: greater than 8); 44 % to 87 % (optimized cut-off)78

Combinations:

  • SNAP-IV (18 items) and SDQ ADHD - hyperactivity-inattention subscale teacher version (5 items): AUC 95 %87
  • SNAP-IV (18 items) and SDQ ADHD - hyperactivity-inattention subscale parent version (5 items): AUC 91 %87

5. Questionnaires for the retrospective identification of ADHD in childhood

  • WURS-8
    • Ultra-short version with 8 questions from the WURS
    • Sensitivity 86 % with cut-off of 890
    • Specificity of 65 % with a cut-off of 890
  • WURS-K = WURS 25
    • Short version with 25 items of the WURS (61 items)
    • Sensitivity of
      • 27,7 %37
      • 86 % with a cut-off of 4691
      • 86 % with a cut-off of 2090
      • 88 % with a cut-off of 39, Swedish translation92
      • 96 % with a cut-off of 3691
    • Specificity
      • 99 % with a cut-off of 4691
      • 96 % with a cut-off of 3691
      • 90,3 %37
      • 70 % with a cut-off of 39, Swedish translation92
      • 63 % with a cut-off of 2090
    • Sensitivity of 60.7 % compared to the ASRS 1.1.37 (which has very limited diagnostic value as a screening instrument)
    • Specificity of 60.8 % compared to ASRS 1.137
    • AUC 87 % with a cut-off of 39, Swedish translation92
    • Kappa 0.80-0.94 with a cut-off of 39, Swedish translation92
    • PPV 59 % with a cut-off of 39, Swedish translation92
    • NPV 92 % with a cut-off of 39, Swedish translation92
  • Q-ADHD-Child: a rating scale for childhood ADHD symptoms according to DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria93

6. Questionnaires to identify comorbidities with existing ADHD

In children already diagnosed with ADHD, was helpful in recognizing comorbidities:

A combination of two subscales of the CBCL, namely the Aggressive Behavior T-Score and the Delinquent Behavior T-Score, detected comorbidities in children with existing ADHD:94

Comorbidity CBCL Aggressive Behavior T-score Cut-off CBCL Delinquent Behavior T-score Cut-off Sensitivity Specificity Positive predictive value Negative predictive value
Any comorbidity 0.60 0.60 67 % 45 % 60 % 65 %
Any comorbidity 0.60 0.70 24 % 96 % 80 % 63 %
Any comorbidity 0.70 0.60 59 % 12 % 70 % 67 %
Any comorbidity 0.70 0.70 10 % 97 % 71 % 59 %
Conduct disorder 0.60 0.60 82 % 80 % 41 % 96 %
Conduct disorder 0.60 0.70 35 % 99 % 86 % 90 %
Conduct disorder 0.70 0.60 29 % 94 % 45 % 89 %
Conduct disorder 0.70 0.70 24 % 99 % 80 % 89 %
Bipolar 0.60 0.60 71 % 74 % 15 % 98 %
Bipolar 0.60 0.70 14 % 95 % 14 % 95 %
Bipolar 0.70 0.60 29 % 92 % 18 % 95 %
Bipolar 0.70 0.70 14 % 96 % 20 % 95 %
Majors Depression 0.60 0.60 59 % 75 % 29 % 92 %
Majors Depression 0.60 0.70 35 % 91 % 40 % 89 %
Majors Depression 0.70 0.60 24 % 95 % 44 % 88 %
Majors Depression 0.70 0.70 18 % 96 % 43 % 88 %
Multiple anxieties 0.60 0.60 65 % 75 % 51 % 84 %
Multiple anxieties 0.60 0.70 35 % 88 % 55 % 77 %
Multiple anxieties 0.70 0.60 32 % 93 % 65 % 77 %
Multiple anxieties 0.70 0.70 21 % 95 % 64 % 75 %
  • CBCL-DESR
    • Measures emotional dysregulation in children with ADHD
    • 40.0% of children with ADHD had a positive CBCL-DESR profile, compared to 3.5% of the control group95
    • Sensitivity 97.3 %, specificity 79.6 % at cut-off ≥179, ≤21095

Conversely, the Attention Problems Scale subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) showed a cut-off of 63:96 in the detection of ADHD in people with generalized anxiety disorder

  • an AUC of 84 %
  • 74% of adolescents with GAD and ADHD were above this cut-off (sensitivity)
  • 91% of adolescents with GAD without ADHD were below this cut-off value (specificity)

The PTSD subscale of the CBCL can distinguish trauma well from non-affected and ADHD well from non-affected, but not PTSD from ADHD.97

Reactivity, Intensity, Polarity and Stability questionnaire, screening version (RIPoSt-SV)

  • For clinically relevant emotional dysregulation Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of 80 % or higher98
Questionnaire on comorbid disorders99 ADHD Depression Anxiety Compulsions Bipolar Stress other Number of questions
BAI (Beck Anxiety Inventory) Anxiety 21
BDI-II (Beck Depression Inventory-II) Depression 21
CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) Depression 20
DASS-21 (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21) Depression Anxiety Stress 7 + 7 + 7
EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) postpartum depression 10
GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7) generalized Anxiety Disorder 7
GDS (Geriatric Depression Scale) Depression in older people 15-30
HADS-D (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - depression section) Depression Anxiety 7
HAM-D (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) Depression 17-24
MDQ (Mood Disorder Questionnaire) Bipolar 13
PDSS-SR (Panic Disorder Severity Scale - Self-Report) Panic 7
PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) Depression 9
PSQ (questionnaire on children’s sleep behavior) Sleep 22
SCL-90-R (Symptom Checklist 90-R) universal 90
Y-BOCS (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale) Compulsions 10
PDI-4 (Provisional Diagnostic Instrument 4 ADHD Depression Generalized Anxiety Disorder Mania 17

7. Self-assessment skills

Adolescents with ADHD showed gender-specific abilities to assess their own symptomatology:100
Boys tended to ascribe too low symptoms to themselves, girls assessed themselves realistically.
Parents underestimated the symptoms of girls.

  1. Rothenberger in Steinhausen, Rothenberger, Döpfner (2010): Handbuch ADHS, Kohlhammer, Seite 188 ↥

  2. Fuermaier ABM, Tucha L, Merten T, Fathollah Gol M, Tucha O (2024): Symptom validity testing in adults with clinically diagnosed ADHD: comparison of the Conner’s Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS) and the Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SRSI). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2024 Oct;46(8):693-706. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2024.2411365. PMID: 39383110. ↥ ↥

  3. Mulraney M, Arrondo G, Musullulu H, Iturmendi-Sabater I, Cortese S, Westwood SJ, Donno F, Banaschewski T, Simonoff E, Zuddas A, Döpfner M, Hinshaw SP, Coghill D (2022): Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Screening Tools for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022 Aug;61(8):982-996. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.11.031. PMID: 34958872. METASTUDY ↥

  4. Lundin A, Kosidou K, Dalman C (2019): Testing the Discriminant and Convergent Validity of the World Health Organization Six-Item Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener Using the Stockholm Public Health Cohort. J Atten Disord. 2019 Aug;23(10):1170-1177. doi: 10.1177/1087054717735381. PMID: 29073818. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  5. Notzon DP, Pavlicova M, Glass A, Mariani JJ, Mahony AL, Brooks DJ, Levin FR (2020): ADHD Is Highly Prevalent in Patients Seeking Treatment for Cannabis Use Disorders. J Atten Disord. 2020 Sep;24(11):1487-1492. doi: 10.1177/1087054716640109. PMID: 27033880; PMCID: PMC5568505. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  6. Pedrero Pérez EJ, Puerta García C (2007): El ASRS v.1.1. como instrumento de cribado del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en adultos tratados por conductas adictivas: propiedades psicométricas y prevalencia estimada [ASRS v.1.1., a tool for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder screening in adults treated for addictive behaviors: psychometric properties and estimated prevalence]. Adicciones. 2007;19(4):393-407. Spanish. PMID: 18173102. ↥ ↥

  7. Ustun B, Adler LA, Rudin C, Faraone SV, Spencer TJ, Berglund P, Gruber MJ, Kessler RC (2017): The World Health Organization Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Screening Scale for DSM-5. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 May 1;74(5):520-527. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0298. Erratum in: JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Dec 1;74(12):1279. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3375. Erratum in: JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 Nov 1;76(11):1213. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3111. PMID: 28384801; PMCID: PMC5470397. ↥ ↥

  8. Roncero C, Ortega L, Pérez-Pazos J, Lligoña A, Abad AC, Gual A, Sorribes M, Grau-López L, Casas M, Daigre C (2019): Psychiatric Comorbidity in Treatment-Seeking Alcohol Dependence Patients With and Without ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2019 Oct;23(12):1497-1504. doi: 10.1177/1087054715598841. PMID: 26269096. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  9. Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, Demler O, Faraone S, Hiripi E, Howes MJ, Jin R, Secnik K, Spencer T, Ustun TB, Walters EE (2005): The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med. 2005 Feb;35(2):245-56. doi: 10.1017/s0033291704002892. PMID: 15841682. ↥ ↥

  10. Olofsdotter S, Fernández-Quintana Á, Sonnby K, Vadlin S (2023): Clinical utility of new cut-off scores for the world health organization ADHD self-report scale among adolescents in psychiatric outpatient care. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2023 Oct-Dec;23(4):100391. doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100391. PMID: 37273276; PMCID: PMC10238844. ↥ ↥ ↥

  11. Sonnby K, Skordas K, Olofsdotter S, Vadlin S, Nilsson KW, Ramklint M (2015): Validation of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale for adolescents. Nord J Psychiatry. 2015 Apr;69(3):216-23. doi: 10.3109/08039488.2014.968203. PMID: 25348323.} | 59 %{{Sonnby K, Skordas K, Olofsdotter S, Vadlin S, Nilsson KW, Ramklint M (2015): Validation of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale for adolescents. Nord J Psychiatry. 2015 Apr;69(3):216-23. doi: 10.3109/08039488.2014.968203. PMID: 25348323. ↥

  12. Sjölander L, Vadlin S, Olofsdotter S, Sonnby K (2016): Validation of the parent version of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale for adolescents. Nord J Psychiatry. 2016;70(4):255-61. doi: 10.3109/08039488.2015.1085092. PMID: 26624978. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  13. Sonnby K, Skordas K, Olofsdotter S, Vadlin S, Nilsson KW, Ramklint M (2015): Validation of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale for adolescents. Nord J Psychiatry. 2015 Apr;69(3):216-23. doi: 10.3109/08039488.2014.968203. PMID: 25348323.} | 60 %{{Sonnby K, Skordas K, Olofsdotter S, Vadlin S, Nilsson KW, Ramklint M (2015): Validation of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale for adolescents. Nord J Psychiatry. 2015 Apr;69(3):216-23. doi: 10.3109/08039488.2014.968203. PMID: 25348323. ↥

  14. Dakwar E, Mahony A, Pavlicova M, Glass A, Brooks D, Mariani JJ, Grabowski J, Levin FR (2012): The utility of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder screening instruments in individuals seeking treatment for substance use disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Nov;73(11):e1372-8. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m07895. PMID: 23218166; PMCID: PMC3627386. ↥ ↥

  15. Reyes MM, Schneekloth TD, Hitschfeld MJ, Geske JR, Atkinson DL, Karpyak VM (2019): The Clinical Utility of ASRS-v1.1 for Identifying ADHD in Alcoholics Using PRISM as the Reference Standard. J Atten Disord. 2019 Aug;23(10):1119-1125. doi: 10.1177/1087054716646450. PMID: 27138328. ↥ ↥

  16. Daigre C, Roncero C, Rodríguez-Cintas L, Ortega L, Lligoña A, Fuentes S, Pérez-Pazos J, Martínez-Luna N, Casas M (2015): Adult ADHD screening in alcohol-dependent patients using the Wender-Utah Rating Scale and the adult ADHD Self-Report Scale. J Atten Disord. 2015 Apr;19(4):328-34. doi: 10.1177/1087054714529819. PMID: 24743975. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  17. Daigre Blanco C, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Valero S, Bosch R, Roncero C, Gonzalvo B, Nogueira M (2009): Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) symptom checklist in patients with substance use disorders. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2009 Nov-Dec;37(6):299-305. PMID: 20066581. ↥ ↥

  18. van de Glind G, van den Brink W, Koeter MW, Carpentier PJ, van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen K, Kaye S, Skutle A, Bu ET, Franck J, Konstenius M, Moggi F, Dom G, Verspreet S, Demetrovics Z, Kapitány-Fövény M, Fatséas M, Auriacombe M, Schillinger A, Seitz A, Johnson B, Faraone SV, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Casas M, Allsop S, Carruthers S, Barta C, Schoevers RA; IASP Research Group; Levin FR (2013): Validity of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) as a screener for adult ADHD in treatment seeking substance use disorder patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Oct 1;132(3):587-96. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.010. PMID: 23660242; PMCID: PMC4083506. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  19. Konstenius M, Larsson H, Lundholm L, Philips B, van de Glind G, Jayaram-Lindström N, Franck J (2015): An epidemiological study of ADHD, substance use, and comorbid problems in incarcerated women in Sweden. J Atten Disord. 2015 Jan;19(1):44-52. doi: 10.1177/1087054712451126. PMID: 22797213. ↥ ↥

  20. Chiasson JP, Stavro K, Rizkallah É, Lapierre L, Dussault M, Legault L, Potvin S (2012): Questioning the specificity of ASRS-v1.1 to accurately detect ADHD in substance abusing populations. J Atten Disord. 2012 Nov;16(8):661-3. doi: 10.1177/1087054711425768. PMID: 22049481. ↥

  21. Collett BR, Ohan JL, Myers KM (2003): Ten-year review of rating scales. V: scales assessing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;42(9):1015-37. doi: 10.1097/01.CHI.0000070245.24125.B6. PMID: 12960702. REVIEW ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  22. Kakubo SM, Mendez M, Silveira JD, Maringolo L, Nitta C, Silveira DXD, Fidalgo TM (2018): Translation and validation of the Brown attention-deficit disorder scale for use in Brazil: identifying cases of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among samples of substance users and non-users. Cross-cultural validation study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2018 Apr 23;136(2):157-164. doi: 10.1590/1516-3180.2017.0227121217. PMID: 29694493; PMCID: PMC9879553. ↥

  23. Van Voorhees EE, Hardy KK, Kollins SH (2011): Reliability and validity of self- and other-ratings of symptoms of ADHD in adults. J Atten Disord. 2011 Apr;15(3):224-34. doi: 10.1177/1087054709356163. PMID: 20424007; PMCID: PMC3556723. ↥ ↥

  24. Chang LY, Wang MY, Tsai PS (2016): Diagnostic Accuracy of Rating Scales for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2016 Mar;137(3):e20152749. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-2749. PMID: 26928969. METASTUDY ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  25. Parker A, Corkum P (2016): ADHD Diagnosis: As Simple As Administering a Questionnaire or a Complex Diagnostic Process? J Atten Disord. 2016 Jun;20(6):478-86. doi: 10.1177/1087054713495736. PMID: 23887860. ↥ ↥

  26. Arrondo G, Mulraney M, Iturmendi-Sabater I, Musullulu H, Gambra L, Niculcea T, Banaschewski T, Simonoff E, Döpfner M, Hinshaw SP, Coghill D, Cortese S (2024): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Clinical Utility of Continuous Performance Tests for the Identification of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2024 Feb;63(2):154-171. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.03.011. PMID: 37004919. METASTUDY ↥

  27. Bitsko RH, Holbrook JR, Fisher PW, Lipton C, van Wijngaarden E, Augustine EF, Mink JW, Vierhile A, Piacentini J, Walkup J, Firchow B, Ali AR, Badgley A, Adams HR (2023): Validation of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-5) Tic Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Modules. Evid Based Pract Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2023;9(2):231-244. doi: 10.1080/23794925.2023.2191352. PMID: 38883232; PMCID: PMC11177540. ↥ ↥

  28. Pettersson R, Söderström S, Nilsson KW (2018): Diagnosing ADHD in Adults: An Examination of the Discriminative Validity of Neuropsychological Tests and Diagnostic Assessment Instruments. J Atten Disord. 2018 Sep;22(11):1019-1031. doi: 10.1177/1087054715618788. PMID: 26681530. ↥ ↥

  29. Coghill D, Du Y, Jiang W, Xian, Lu D, Qian Y, Mulraney M, Su L (2022): A novel school-based approach to screening for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022 Jun;31(6):909-917. doi: 10.1007/s00787-021-01721-w. PMID: 33515089. ↥ ↥

  30. Hassanzadeh M, Malek A, Norouzi S, Amiri S, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Shahriari F, Egger HL, Small B (2021): Psychometric properties of the Persian version of preschool age psychiatric assessment (PAPA) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Based on DSM-5. Asian J Psychiatr. 2021 Apr;58:102618. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102618. PMID: 33652288. ↥ ↥ ↥

  31. Ulberstad F, Boström H, Chavanon ML, Knollmann M, Wiley J, Christiansen H, Thorell LB (2020): Objective measurement of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms outside the clinic using the QbCheck: Reliability and validity. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2020 Jun;29(2):e1822. doi: 10.1002/mpr.1822. PMID: 32100383; PMCID: PMC7301281. ↥ ↥

  32. Bellato A, Hall CL, Groom MJ, Simonoff E, Thapar A, Hollis C, Cortese S (2024): Practitioner Review: Clinical utility of the QbTest for the assessment and diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2024 Jun;65(6):845-861. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13901. PMID: 37800347. METASTUDY ↥ ↥ ↥

  33. Hult N, Kadesjö J, Kadesjö B, Gillberg C, Billstedt E (2018): ADHD and the QbTest: Diagnostic Validity of QbTest. J Atten Disord. 2018 Sep;22(11):1074-1080. doi: 10.1177/1087054715595697. PMID: 26224575. ↥ ↥

  34. Hollis C, Hall CL, Guo B, James M, Boadu J, Groom MJ, Brown N, Kaylor-Hughes C, Moldavsky M, Valentine AZ, Walker GM, Daley D, Sayal K, Morriss R; the AQUA Trial Group (2018): The impact of a computerised test of attention and activity (QbTest) on diagnostic decision-making in children and young people with suspected attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: single-blind randomised controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018 Dec;59(12):1298-1308. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12921. PMID: 29700813; PMCID: PMC6124643. ↥ ↥

  35. Blume F, Buhr L, Kühnhausen J, Köpke R, Weber LA, Fallgatter AJ, Ethofer T, Gawrilow C (2025): Validation of the Self-Report Version of the German Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale (SWAN-DE-SB). Assessment. 2025 Jan;32(1):130-146. doi: 10.1177/10731911241236699. PMID: 38523357; PMCID: PMC11571603. ↥ ↥ ↥

  36. Marchant BK, Reimherr FW, Wender PH, Gift TE (2015): Psychometric properties of the Self-Report Wender-Reimherr Adult Attention Deficit Disorder Scale. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2015 Nov;27(4):267-77; quiz 278-82. PMID: 26554368. ↥

  37. Knight AR, Kim S, Currao A, Lebas A, Nowak MK, Milberg WP, Fortier CB (2025): Assessing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Post-9/11 Veterans: Prevalence, Measurement Correspondence, and Comorbidity With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Mil Med. 2025 Apr 23;190(5-6):e1106-e1113. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usae539. PMID: 39607449; PMCID: PMC12016034. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  38. Rösler, Retz (2020): Medikamentöse Therapie der ADHS bei Erwachsenen; Psychiatrie up2date 2020; 14: 59–75 ↥ ↥

  39. Retz W, Retz-Junginger P, Römer K, Rösler M (2013): Standardisierte Skalen zur strukturierten Diagnostik der ADHS im Erwachsenenalter [Standardised psychopathological rating scales for the diagnosis of ADHD in adults]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2013 Jul;81(7):381-9. German. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1335740. PMID: 23856943. REVIEW ↥ ↥

  40. Sponsel, 2002 ↥

  41. Young, González, Mutch, Mallet-Lambert, O’Rourke, Hickey, Asherson, Gudjonsson (2016): Diagnostic accuracy of a brief screening tool for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in UK prison inmates. Psychol Med. 2016 May;46(7):1449-58. doi: 10.1017/S0033291716000039. PMID: 26867860. n = 390 ↥

  42. Faraone, DeSousa, Komolova, Sallee, Incledon, Wilens (2019): Functional Impairment in Youth With ADHD: Normative Data and Norm-Referenced Cutoff Points for the Before School Functioning Questionnaire and the Parent Rating of Evening and Morning Behavior Scale, Revised. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019 Dec 10;81(1). pii: 19m12956. doi: 10.4088/JCP.19m12956. ↥ ↥

  43. Nubel, Starzacher, Grohmann, 2006 ↥

  44. Finley JA, Cerny BM, Brooks JM, Obolsky MA, Haneda A, Ovsiew GP, Ulrich DM, Resch ZJ, Soble JR (2024): Cross-validating the Clinical Assessment of Attention Deficit-Adult symptom validity scales for assessment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2024 Mar;46(2):111-123. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2283940. PMID: 37994688. ↥

  45. Gomez, Vance, Watson, Stavropoulos (2019): ROC Analyses of Relevant Conners 3-Short Forms, CBCL, and TRF Scales for Screening ADHD and ODD. Assessment. 2019 Sep 19:1073191119876023. doi: 10.1177/1073191119876023. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  46. Türk, Harbarth, Bergold, Steinmayr, Neidhardt, Kamp-Becker, Equit, Wunsch, Christiansen (2020): Do German Children Differ? A Validation of Conners Early Childhood™. J Atten Disord. 2020 Mar 14:1087054720907955. doi: 10.1177/1087054720907955. PMID: 32172644. ↥

  47. Rösler M, Retz W, Retz-Junginger P, Thome J, Supprian T, Nissen T, Stieglitz RD, Blocher D, Hengesch G, Trott GE (2004): Instrumente zur Diagnostik der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) im ErwachsenenalterSelbstbeurteilungsskala (ADHS-SB) und Diagnosecheckliste (ADHS-DC) [Tools for the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Self-rating behaviour questionnaire and diagnostic checklist]. Nervenarzt. 2004 Sep;75(9):888-95. German. doi: 10.1007/s00115-003-1622-2. Erratum in: Nervenarzt. 2005 Jan;76(1):129. PMID: 15378249. ↥ ↥

  48. Hong M, Kooij JJS, Kim B, Joung YS, Yoo HK, Kim EJ, Lee SI, Bhang SY, Lee SY, Han DH, Lee YS, Bahn GH (2020): Validity of the Korean Version of DIVA-5: A Semi-Structured Diagnostic Interview for Adult ADHD. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020 Oct 12;16:2371-2376. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S262995. PMID: 33116536; PMCID: PMC7567566. ↥

  49. Palma-Álvarez RF, Barta C, Carpentier PJ, Carruthers S, Crunelle CL, Demetrovics Z, Dom G, Faraone SV, Franck J, Johnson B, Kapitány-Fövény M, Kaye S, Konstenius M, Matthys F, Moggi F, Møller M, Schellekens A, Skutle A, van de Glind G, van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen K, Verspreet S, Schoevers RA, Wallhed S, Levin FR, Grau-López L, Casas M, van den Brink W, Ramos-Quiroga JA; IASP Research Group (2023): Validity of the ADHD module of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview PLUS for screening of adult ADHD in treatment seeking substance use disorder patients: ADHD screening with MINI-Plus. Span J Psychiatry Ment Health. 2023 Jan-Mar;16(1):11-15. doi: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.04.013. PMID: 32561156. ↥

  50. Balboni G, Incognito O, Belacchi C, Bonichini S, Cubelli R (2017): Vineland-II adaptive behavior profile of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or specific learning disorders. Res Dev Disabil. 2017 Feb;61:55-65. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.12.003. PMID: 28056381. ↥

  51. Bijlenga, Ulberstad, Thorell, Christiansen, Hirsch, Kooij (2019): Objective assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in older adults compared with controls using the QbTest. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019 Jun 26. doi: 10.1002/gps.5163. ↥ ↥

  52. Hall, Brown, James, Martin, Brown, Selby, Clarke, Williams, Sayal, Hollis, Groom (2019): Consensus workshops on the development of an ADHD medication management protocol using QbTest: developing a clinical trial protocol with multidisciplinary stakeholders. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2019 Jun 18;19(1):126. doi: 10.1186/s12874-019-0772-2. ↥ ↥

  53. Tomlinson E, Owen-Smith A, Benavente M, Cooper C, Jones HE, Ward M, Walker JG, Wang H, Lopez Manzano C, Hank D, Welton NJ, Leeflang M, Whiting P (2025): QbTest for ADHD assessment and medication management: a mixed-methods systematic review of impact on clinical outcomes and patient, carer and clinician experiences. BMJ Open. 2025 Apr 17;15(4):e095479. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095479. PMID: 40246562; PMCID: PMC12007030. ↥

  54. Buitelaar J, Bölte S, Brandeis D, Caye A, Christmann N, Cortese S, Coghill D, Faraone SV, Franke B, Gleitz M, Greven CU, Kooij S, Leffa DT, Rommelse N, Newcorn JH, Polanczyk GV, Rohde LA, Simonoff E, Stein M, Vitiello B, Yazgan Y, Roesler M, Doepfner M, Banaschewski T (2022): Toward Precision Medicine in ADHD. Front Behav Neurosci. 2022 Jul 6;16:900981. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.900981. PMID: 35874653; PMCID: PMC9299434. REVIEW ↥

  55. Newson, Hunter, Thiagarajan (2020): The Heterogeneity of Mental Health Assessment. Front Psychiatry. 2020 Feb 27;11:76. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00076. PMID: 32174852; PMCID: PMC7057249. ↥

  56. Krieger, Amador-Campos, Peró-Cebollero (2019): Interrater agreement on behavioral executive function measures in adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2019 May;19(2):141-149. doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2019.02.007. ↥

  57. Alotaibi MM, Motl RW, Lein DH Jr (2024): Reliability and Validity of the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire Health Contribution Score in its Use with Adults with ADHD. Percept Mot Skills. 2024 Aug 30:315125241275199. doi: 10.1177/00315125241275199. PMID: 39212145. ↥

  58. Sergeant, van der Meere (1988): What happens after a hyperactive child commits an error? Psychiatry Research, May 1988, Volume 24, Issue 2, Pages 157–164; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/, zitiert nach Havenstein (2014): Arbeitsgedächtnisleistung und emotionale Interferenzkontrolle bei Erwachsenen mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS); Dissertation, Seiten 16, 53 ↥

  59. van der Meere, Sergeant (1988): Controlled processing and vigilance in hyperactivity: Time will tell; Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology; December 1988, Volume 16, Issue 6, pp 641–655, zitiert nach Havenstein (2014): Arbeitsgedächtnisleistung und emotionale Interferenzkontrolle bei Erwachsenen mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS); Dissertation, Seiten 16, 53 ↥

  60. Lauth, Minsel (2009): ADHS bei Erwachsenen: Diagnostik und Behandlung von Aufmerksamkeits-/Hyperaktivitätsstörungen; Hogrefe, Seite 28 ↥

  61. Richarte V, Corrales M, Pozuelo M, Serra-Pla J, Ibáñez P, Calvo E, Corominas M, Bosch R, Casas M, Ramos-Quiroga JA (2017): Spanish validation of the adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (ADHD-RS): relevance of clinical subtypes. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 2017 Oct-Dec;10(4):185-191. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2017.06.003. PMID: 28844652. ↥ ↥ ↥

  62. Zheng Y, Du Y, Su LY, Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Chen Y, Liu QQ, Ke XY (2018): Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Questionnaire - Children with Difficulties for Chinese children or adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a cross-sectional survey. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018 Aug 27;14:2181-2190. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S166397. PMID: 30214208; PMCID: PMC6120567. ↥

  63. Brancati, Barbuti, Pallucchini, Cotugno, Schiavi, Hantouche, Perugi (2019): Reactivity, Intensity, Polarity and Stability questionnaire (RIPoSt-40) assessing emotional dysregulation: Development, reliability and validity. J Affect Disord. 2019 Oct 1;257:187-194. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.028. ↥

  64. http://www.adhs.info/fuer-paedagogen/speziell-sekundarbereich/diagnostik/ysr-11-18.html ↥

  65. Mukherjee S, Aneja S, Russell PS, Gulati S, Deshmukh V, Sagar R, Silberberg D, Bhutani VK, Pinto JM, Durkin M, Pandey RM, Nair MK, Arora NK; INCLEN Study Group (2014): INCLEN diagnostic tool for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (INDT-ADHD): development and validation. Indian Pediatr. 2014 Jun;51(6):457-62. doi: 10.1007/s13312-014-0436-6. PMID: 24986281. ↥

  66. Vallejo-Valdivielso M, de Castro-Manglano P, Vidal-Adroher C, Díez-Suárez A, Soutullo CA (2024): Development of a Short Version of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV.es (sADHD-RS-IV.es). J Atten Disord. 2024 Mar;28(5):600-607. doi: 10.1177/10870547241232314. PMID: 38353419. ↥

  67. Thorell LB, Sjöwall D, Mies GW, Scheres A (2017): Quick Delay Questionnaire: Reliability, validity, and relations to functional impairments in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychol Assess. 2017 Oct;29(10):1261-1272. doi: 10.1037/pas0000421. PMID: 27991822. ↥

  68. Somma, Adler, Gialdi, Arteconi, Cotilli, Fossati (2021): The Validity of the World Health Organization Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Screening Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition in Adolescence. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2021 Jun 24. doi: 10.1089/cap.2020.0158. PMID: 34166067. ↥

  69. Hines JL, King TS, Curry WJ (2012): The adult ADHD self-report scale for screening for adult attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Am Board Fam Med. 2012 Nov-Dec;25(6):847-53. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2012.06.120065. PMID: 23136325. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  70. Ramos-Quiroga JA, Daigre C, Valero S, Bosch R, Gómez-Barros N, Nogueira M, Palomar G, Roncero C, Casas M (2009): Validacion al espanol de la escala de cribado del trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad en adultos (ASRS v. 1.1): una nueva estrategia de puntuacion [Validation of the Spanish version of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adult screening scale (ASRS v. 1.1): a novel scoring strategy]. Rev Neurol. 2009 May 1-15;48(9):449-52. Spanish. PMID: 19396760. ↥

  71. Burggraf (2024): ADHS im Erwachsenenalter: verbreitet, aber selten diagnostiziert; Therapie aktuell 02/2024 german ↥

  72. Houston JP, Kroenke K, Davidson JR, Adler LA, Faries DE, Ahl J, Swindle R, Trzepacz PT (2011): PDI-4A: an augmented provisional screening instrument assessing 5 additional common anxiety-related diagnoses in adult primary care patients. Postgrad Med. 2011 Sep;123(5):89-95. doi: 10.3810/pgm.2011.09.2463. PMID: 21904090. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  73. Faries DE, Houston JP, Sulcs EM, Swindle RW (2012): A cross-validation of the provisional diagnostic instrument (PDI-4). BMC Fam Pract. 2012 Oct 15;13:104. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-13-104. PMID: 23067304; PMCID: PMC3515462. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  74. Raiker JS, Freeman AJ, Perez-Algorta G, Frazier TW, Findling RL, Youngstrom EA (2017): Accuracy of Achenbach Scales in the Screening of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a Community Mental Health Clinic. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017 May;56(5):401-409. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.02.007. PMID: 28433089; PMCID: PMC5410964. ↥

  75. Bussing R, Schuhmann E, Belin TR, Widawski M, Perwien AR (1998): Diagnostic utility of two commonly used ADHD screening measures among special education students. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998 Jan;37(1):74-82. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199801000-00020. Erratum in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999 Jan;38(1):103. PMID: 9444903. ↥ ↥

  76. Steinhausen, 2002 ↥

  77. Hohage (2012): Überprüfung der Eignung des Kiddie-SADS-Interviews zur dimensionalen Erfassung der externalen Symptomatik bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung – Eine empirische Untersuchung. Dissertation. Seite 66 ↥

  78. Palmer M, Fang Z, Hollocks MJ, Charman T, Pickles A, Baird G, Simonoff E (2024): Screening for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Autistic Adults: The Diagnostic Accuracy of Three Commonly Used Questionnaires. J Autism Dev Disord. 2024 Dec;54(12):4674-4683. doi: 10.1007/s10803-023-06146-9. PMID: 37898580; PMCID: PMC11549170. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  79. http://www.aseba.org/preschool.html ↥

  80. http://www.aseba.org/schoolage.html ↥ ↥

  81. Cianchetti, Faedda, Pasculli, Ledda, Diaz, Peschechera, Craig, Morelli, Balottin, Guidetti, Zuddas, Margari (2020): Predictive validity for the clinical diagnosis of a new parent questionnaire, the CABI, compared with CBCL. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020 Jan 2:1359104519895056. doi: 10.1177/1359104519895056. ↥

  82. Thorell LB, Eninger L, Brocki KC, Bohlin G (2010): Childhood executive function inventory (CHEXI): a promising measure for identifying young children with ADHD? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010 Jan;32(1):38-43. doi: 10.1080/13803390902806527. PMID: 19381995. ↥

  83. https://www.testzentrale.de/shop/conners-skalen-zu-aufmerksamkeit-und-verhalten-3-70014.html ↥

  84. Simon MAVP, Reed UC, Vaughan B, Simon VA, Casella EB (2017): Validation of the Expression and Emotion Scale for Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder into Brazilian Portuguese. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2017 Aug;75(8):563-569. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20170105. PMID: 28813087. ↥

  85. Hattangadi N, Kay T, Parkin PC, Birken CS, Maguire JL, Szatmari P, van den Heuvel M, Borkhoff CM, Charach A; TARGet Kids! Collaboration (2024): Screening Accuracy of the Parent-Report Preschool Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in Primary Care. Acad Pediatr. 2024 Jul;24(5):800-809. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2023.10.007. PMID: 37907129. ↥ ↥ ↥

  86. http://www.jeffersonpediatrics.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/ADHD_Teacher_Packet_Connors_and_Vanderbilt.pdf ↥

  87. Ullebø AK, Posserud MB, Heiervang E, Gillberg C, Obel C (2011): Screening for the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder phenotype using the strength and difficulties questionnaire. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Sep;20(9):451-8. doi: 10.1007/s00787-011-0198-9. PMID: 21833627. ↥ ↥ ↥

  88. Kiani B, Hadianfard H, Weiss MD, Dehbozorgi S (2024): Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent Report for screening children with ADHD: Looking beyond symptoms in ADHD diagnosis. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2024 Jun;18(6):431-438. doi: 10.1111/eip.13484. PMID: 38030566. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  89. Thompson T, Lloyd A, Joseph A, Weiss M (2017): The Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent Form for assessing ADHD: evaluating diagnostic accuracy and determining optimal thresholds using ROC analysis. Qual Life Res. 2017 Jul;26(7):1879-1885. doi: 10.1007/s11136-017-1514-8. PMID: 28220338; PMCID: PMC5486894. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  90. Das D, Vélez JI, Acosta MT, Muenke M, Arcos-Burgos M, Easteal S (2016): Retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD symptoms for diagnosis in adults: validity of a short 8-item version of the Wender-Utah Rating Scale. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2016 Dec;8(4):215-223. doi: 10.1007/s12402-016-0202-9. PMID: 27510231. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  91. Ward MF, Wender PH, Reimherr FW (1993): The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Jun;150(6):885-90. doi: 10.1176/ajp.150.6.885. Erratum in: Am J Psychiatry 1993 Aug;150(8):1280. PMID: 8494063. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  92. Kouros I, Hörberg N, Ekselius L, Ramklint M (2018): Wender Utah Rating Scale-25 (WURS-25): psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy of the Swedish translation. Ups J Med Sci. 2018 Dec;123(4):230-236. doi: 10.1080/03009734.2018.1515797. PMID: 30373435; PMCID: PMC6327570. ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  93. erwähnt in: Walitza S, Melfsen S, Herhaus G, Scheuerpflug P, Warnke A, Müller T, Lange KW, Gerlach M (2007): Association of Parkinson’s disease with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood. J Neural Transm Suppl. 2007;(72):311-5. doi: 10.1007/978-3-211-73574-9_38. PMID: 17982908. ↥

  94. Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Kendrick E, Klein KL, Faraone SV (2005): The CBCL as a screen for psychiatric comorbidity in paediatric patients with ADHD. Arch Dis Child. 2005 Oct;90(10):1010-5. doi: 10.1136/adc.2004.056937. PMID: 16177156; PMCID: PMC1720123. ↥

  95. Donfrancesco R, Innocenzi M, Marano A, Biederman J (2015): Deficient Emotional Self-Regulation in ADHD Assessed Using a Unique Profile of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): Replication in an Italian Study. J Atten Disord. 2015 Oct;19(10):895-900. doi: 10.1177/1087054712462884. PMID: 23212599. ↥ ↥

  96. Elkins RM, Carpenter AL, Pincus DB, Comer JS (2014): Inattention symptoms and the diagnosis of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among youth with generalized anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2014 Dec;28(8):754-60. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.003. PMID: 25260213; PMCID: PMC4252769. ↥

  97. Butjosa A, Camprodon-Rosanas E, Aizpitarte A, Alvarez-Segura M, Albiac N, Lacasa F (2024): Validation of the post-traumatic stress disorder subscale of the child behaviour checklist (PTSD-CBCL): screening for post-traumatic stress disorder or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2024 Aug;59(8):1449-1460. doi: 10.1007/s00127-023-02535-8. PMID: 37486355. ↥

  98. Brancati GE, De Rosa U, Acierno D, Caruso V, De Dominicis F, Petrucci A, Moriconi M, Elefante C, Gemignani S, Medda P, Schiavi E, Perugi G (2024): Development of a self-report screening instrument for emotional dysregulation: the Reactivity, Intensity, Polarity and Stability questionnaire, screening version (RIPoSt-SV). J Affect Disord. 2024 Jun 15;355:406-414. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.167. PMID: 38570039. ↥

  99. basierend auf Grünwald (2025): Mit Expertenwissen T-Wert interpretieren: Psychologie; Novustat.com ↥

  100. Frick MA, Lindman L, Meyer J, Isaksson J (2025): Are adolescent males or females more proficient self-raters of symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? J Psychiatr Res. 2025 Jul;187:248-253. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.05.026. PMID: 40388853. ↥

Diese Seite wurde am 12.11.2025 zuletzt aktualisiert.
Previous page Next page