Procrastination (procrastination) with ADHD
Author: Ulrich Brennecke
Review: Dipl.-Psych. Waldemar Zdero
Procrastination, the constant putting off of tasks, occurs more frequently and more strongly in people with ADHD than in those not affected. Procrastination in ADHD correlates with characteristics such as task avoidance, task procrastination, self-efficacy, conscientiousness and, to a lesser extent, impulsivity. Procrastination is also described as a consequence of a lack of self-control and a preference for short-term rewards.
There is a correlation between procrastination and ADHD, which is reflected in traits such as distractibility, organizational problems and reward deferral aversion. Procrastination correlates negatively with a positive future perspective and positively with a present-oriented, hedonistic and fatalistic attitude.
Mindfulness exercises can help with procrastination. It has been found that people with ADHD-HI are better able to complete tasks for others and this is recommended as a coping strategy against procrastination. This could be explained by the affinity of people with ADHD-HI for the affiliation motive.
- 1. Procrastination - what is it?
- 2. Procrastination is the most common symptom of ADHD
- 3. Procrastination in scientific research
1. Procrastination - what is it?
Procrastination is the phenomenon of constantly putting off tasks for irrational reasons. Procrastination can also manifest itself in the completion of alternative activities that appear relatively more pleasant and often have an immediate reinforcing effect.
Everyone procrastinates from time to time when they should be getting things done. People with ADHD procrastinate much more frequently and to a much greater extent than people without ADHD.
The symptom of procrastination can take on extreme forms - mail is no longer opened, the tax return is no longer submitted and the bin bags pile up in the kitchen.
This article refers to procrastination in a way that is relevant to ADHD: not the “everyone-postpones-something” procrastination, but the “I have a problem” procrastination. However, this already begins well below piles of garbage bags and enforcement measures by the tax office.
2. Procrastination is the most common symptom of ADHD
According to the data from the ADxS.org online symptom test (as of June 2020, n = 1,889), procrastination is the most frequently mentioned symptom with the highest symptom severity by people with ADHD. It was mentioned more frequently than attention problems in people with ADHD-I or problems of hyperactivity, impulsivity or inner restlessness in people with ADHD-HI.
3. Procrastination in scientific research
Procrastination correlates clearly and consistently with the traits impulsivity, task avoidance, task procrastination, self-efficacy and conscientiousness with their facets of self-control, distractibility, organization and achievement motivation. Neuroticism, resistance and sensation seeking, on the other hand, showed weak correlations. 12
These results (with the exception of impulsivity) are largely consistent with the data from the ADxS.org online symptom test (as of June 2020, n = 1,889). These show a stronger correlation of procrastination (in ADHD) with internalizing stress phenotypes (ADHD-I, 0.33) than with externalizing stress phenotypes (ADHD-HI, 0.13). With regard to the individual ADHD symptoms, procrastination correlated above all with organizational problems (0.64), drive and concentration problems (0.58 each), distractibility (0.52), inability to perform (0.49), time problems (0.48), frustration intolerance (0.45), anhedonia (0.40), learning difficulties (0.39), impulsivity and impatience (0.34 each) and task switching problems (0.33).
Other sources describe procrastination as an effect of a lack of self-control and a simultaneous preference for short-term rewards.3
Without even mentioning ADHD in their publications, the authors cited here list a number of ADHD symptoms, such as distractibility, self-control problems, organizational problems or reward deferral aversion. This all points to a strong connection between procrastination and ADHD.
If procrastination is an avoidance of unpleasant tasks (in the sense of a devaluation of their relevance, corresponding to a devaluation of more distant rewards), this is the result of altered motivation and reduced drive. This could be induced by a lack of dopamine in the striatum.
Procrastination correlates negatively with a subjectively positive future perspective and correlates positively with a present-oriented hedonistic and fatalistic attitude.4 The negative assessment of the future perspective could be understood as a separate expression of the symptom of a lower appreciation of pleasure or distant rewards.
Procrastination continues to correlate negatively with mindfulness, i.e. present-oriented perception.5. Mindfulness exercises are a very helpful form of therapy for ADHD, which can increase subjective well-being, reduce stress and raise serotonin levels in the long term.
Another fascinating aspect of procrastination is that people with ADHD-HI find it much easier to do for someone else what they cannot do for themselves. This goes so far that Passig and Lobo recommend as a coping strategy for procrastination that people with ADHD do the activities they procrastinate for each other.6
This approach, which at first glance seems very surprising, could be comprehensibly and conclusively explained by the special affinity of people with ADHD-HI to the (dopaminergic-controlled) affiliation motive.7
Steel (2007): The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure; Psychological Bulletin, Vol 133(1), Jan 2007, 65-94 ↥
Blunt, Pychyl (2000): Task aversiveness and procrastination: a multi-dimensional approach to task aversiveness across stages of personal projects; Personality and Individual Differences; Volume 28, Issue 1, 1 January 2000, Pages 153–167 ↥
Sirois, Pychyl, (2013): Procrastination and the Priority of Short-Term Mood Regulation: Consequences for Future Self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115-127. doi:10.1111/spc3.12011 ↥
Sirois, Pychyl, (2013): Procrastination and the Priority of Short-Term Mood Regulation: Consequences for Future Self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115-127. doi:10.1111/spc3.12011 mit Verweis auf Ferrari & Díaz-Morales, 2007 und Jackson, Fritch, Nagasaka, & Pope, 2003 ↥
Sirois, Pychyl, (2013): Procrastination and the Priority of Short-Term Mood Regulation: Consequences for Future Self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115-127. doi:10.1111/spc3.12011 mit Verweis auf Sirois & Tosti, 2012 ↥
Passig, Lobo (2010): Dinge geregelt kriegen ohne einen Funken Selbstdisziplin. Äußerst unterhaltsames und lesenswertes Buch über Prokrastination für Betroffene. ↥
McClelland, Patel, Stier, Brown (1987): The relationship of affiliative arousal to dopamine release; In: Motivation and Emotion. Volume 11, No. 1, March 1987 ↥