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MPH Part 4: Preparations, Miscellaneous

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MPH Part 4: Preparations, Miscellaneous

15. Long-term effects: No habituation effects with MPH

A study of ADHD sufferers who took MPH for 2 years showed a significant worsening of hyperactivity and inattention when MPH was discontinued, which corresponds to a recurrence of the symptoms improved by MPH.1
A placebo-controlled discontinuation trial in patients who had taken MPH for over 2 years showed that discontinuation of MPH caused a significant increase in ADHD symptoms.2 Nevertheless, it appears that after some time, the continuation of medication is dispensable in individual patients, which justifies regular discontinuation trials.

A meta-analysis of 87 randomized placebo-controlled double-blind studies found no evidence of a decrease in the effect of methylphenidate, amphetamine drugs, atomoxetine or α2 antagonists with prolonged use.3

16. Gender-specific differences in MPH

One study observed a higher increase in dopamine in the ventral striatum (including the nucleus accumbens) in women than in men. The increase in the dorsal striatum was the same.4

17. Areas of application of methylphenidate in relation to other ADHD medications

  • According to the current European consensus, methylphenidate is the first choice ADHD medication for children (before amphetamine medication) and the second choice for adults (after amphetamine medication)56
  • In children who are MPH non-responders, i.e. who do not respond to MPH, the efficacy of amphetamine medication should be tested.
  • Patients with pronounced dysphoria during inactivity or with comorbid depression benefit particularly from amphetamine medication.
  • In addition, people who require stronger activation may be able to cope better with amphetamine medication.
  • Highly gifted people are said to respond better to amphetamine medication than to MPH.7

18. Methylphenidate for other disorders

MPH proved to be helpful in the treatment of attention problems in children with brain injuries (traumatic brain injury).8

MPH is also used successfully for narcolepsy. In 2007, Ritalin® was the only MPH preparation approved for the treatment of narcolepsy.9

In children with ASD, MPH also appears to increase cognitive processing speed - in contrast to ADHD.10

19. Taking methylphenidate abroad

See in detail in the article Taking stimulants abroad

20. MPH medication significantly reduces the risk of addiction

The updated European consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD from 2018 concludes that stimulants significantly reduce the risk of addiction while taking them.11
ADHD sufferers with comorbid cocaine addiction showed a significant reduction in addictive behavior when treated with stimulants. This corresponded to the reduction in ADHD symptoms.12
The international consensus on screening, diagnosis and treatment of adults with addiction and ADHD recommends treatment with long-acting stimulants with increasing doses up to high doses, in combination with psychotherapeutic treatment.13
A meta-analysis of 6 studies with n = 1,014 test subjects showed a significantly reduced risk of later addiction for participants medicated with stimulants (here: MPH).14 The risk of later addiction, whether to alcohol or other substances, was found to be 1.9 times lower, i.e. almost halved.15
A Swedish cohort study found that 3 years after being prescribed stimulants for ADHD, the risk of an addiction diagnosis was reduced by 31%.16

These findings may be supported by the fact that adolescents with marked novelty-seeking who were found to have reduced BOLD activity in mesolimbic (nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum) and midbrain) and prefrontal cortical (dlPFC) regions during reward anticipation at age 14 were more likely to engage in problematic drug use at age 16.17 This could be interpreted to mean that ADHD medications that increase dopamine and norepinephrine levels, such as MPH or amphetamine medications, directly contribute to reducing the risk of addiction.

ADHD medication reduced the influence of short-term reward preference and frustration intolerance on internet addiction.18

One study found no increased addictive affinity in adult rodents as a result of treatment with MPH during adolescence.19 Other studies also found evidence that stimulants do not increase the risk of addiction.20

We believe that the two components ADHD and addiction can be weighted very differently in different individuals and that the success of drug treatment depends heavily on this different weighting. The setting in which medication takes place and whether or not it is accompanied and intensively supported by other measures is therefore likely to play a key role. The practical experience of one of our advisory boards is that pure substance treatment without intensive, accompanying co-treatment usually only leads to the use of an additional substance.
In addition, a combination of addiction and ADHD often involves other comorbidities such as depression etc., which makes treatment even more difficult, as antidepressants are often no longer effective when many substances are abused. It therefore seems important to us for the success of the treatment that, in the case of a combination of addiction and ADHD, inpatient detoxification and drug abstinence are started in order to adjust the medication.
“The drug treatment of patients with ADHD who also have a substance abuse or substance dependence should be carried out by a specialist with knowledge of the treatment of ADHD and addiction.”21

21. Methylphenidate preparations

There are a large number of methylphenidate preparations.

Although they all contain the same active ingredient, affected individuals respond differently to them. Individual means that some people tolerate preparation A very well and it works well, while preparation B hardly works at all and has unpleasant side effects, while for others the effect is exactly the opposite.22

A solid MPH medication regimen should therefore always include taking different preparations, even if one preparation is already effective and has no unpleasant side effects. This is because it is only possible to determine whether another preparation works significantly better after it has been tested.

Depending on the preparation, a high-fat food intake before / during ingestion can delay or accelerate the maximum effect and reduce or increase the intensity of the effect.22 We have no concrete data on this for the preparations available in Europe.

21.1. Unretarded preparations

  • In general:
    • Effective after 10 to 20 minutes23
    • Peak effect after 60 minutes
      • Delayed maximum effect when taken with / on a high-fat meal22
    • Duration of action 2.5 - 4 hours
    • If taken twice, the maximum of the 2nd dose is higher than that of the first dose24
    • Half-life 2.9 hours on average (2 to 4 hours)22

Preparations USA (as of 2021):

  • Focalin®
    • Dexmethylphenidate (hydrochloride)
    • Tablet
    • 3 to 5 hours
    • 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg
  • Methylin® Oral Solution
    • Methylphenidate (hydrochloride)
    • Liquid
    • 3 to 5 hours
    • 5 mg/5 ml, 10 mg/5 ml
  • Ritalin®
    • Methylphenidate (hydrochloride)
    • Tablet
    • 3 to 5 hours (in practice usually 2.5 to 3.5 hours)
    • 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg
  • Various generics

Unretarded preparations Germany:

  • Ritalin® unretarded
    • 1-3 hours working time
    • Carrier substance: Wheat starch25
  • Methylphenidate HEXAL®
    • 1-3 hours working time
  • Methylpheni TAD® unretarded
    • 1-3 hours working time
    • Those affected reported poorer tablet divisibility than with 1A, for example
  • Medikinet® unretarded
    • 1-3 hours working time
    • Carrier substance: corn starch25
  • Various generics

One (only) pharmacy in Switzerland produces MPH drops. These are even easier to dose, so that an exact dosage setting is also possible for patients who require very low doses, such as young children. Ryffel reports on one application.2627

21.2. Retarded preparations

21.2.1. Half-day dosing

21.2.1.1. Two-phase retardation / Extended release (XR) / Long acting (LA)

Preparations USA (as of 2021):

  • Metadate CD®
    • Methylphenidate (hydrochloride)
    • prolonged release
    • Capsule
    • 8 hours
    • 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 50 mg
  • Metadate® ER
    • Methylphenidate (hydrochloride)
    • prolonged release
    • Tablet
    • 8 to 12 hours
    • 20 mg
  • Methylin® ER
    • Methylphenidate (hydrochloride)
    • prolonged release
    • Tablet
    • 8 hours
    • 10 mg, 20 mg
  • QuilliChew ER™
    • Methylphenidate (hydrochloride)
    • prolonged release
    • Chewable tablet
    • 8 to 12 hours
    • 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg
  • Quillivant XR®
    • Methylphenidate (hydrochloride)
    • prolonged release
    • Liquid
    • 8, 10 and 12 hours
    • 25 mg/ 5ml (5 mg/ml)
  • Ritalin LA®
    • Methylphenidate (hydrochloride)
    • prolonged release
    • Capsule
    • 8 hours
    • 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg

Semi-retarded preparations Germany:

  • Equasym Retard/XL®
    • Duration until onset of action: 30 minutes23
    • Duration of action (6-)8 hours,23 8 hours2824
    • Effect profile:
      • First maximum after 45 minutes, remains at this level until 2nd maximum24
        Effective level higher here than with Concerta
      • Second maximum after 5 hours24
        only slightly higher compared to the morning plateau
    • No food intake required before / during ingestion
    • Capsule may be opened24
    • Carrier substance: lactose (milk sugar)25
  • Medikinet Adult®
    • Must be taken with food
    • Also approved for adults
    • 6 to 8 hours23
    • Food intake required before / during ingestion23
    • Bioequivalent to Medikinet Retard29
    • Contraindicated when taking proton pump inhibitors at the same time30 - then use Ritalin, for example
  • Medikinet Retard®
    • Must be taken with food
    • Bioequivalent to Medikinet Adult29
    • Gluten free
    • Contains lactose
    • Duration until onset of action: 30 minutes23
    • Duration of action 6 (to 8) hours2324
    • Effect profile:24
      • Maximum after 2.5 hours
      • Then drop until after 4 hours
      • Plateau from hour 4 to hour 6 (lower than maximum)
      • After that waste to the end of operation
    • Food intake required before / during ingestion23
    • Capsule may be opened23
    • Contraindicated when taking proton pump inhibitors at the same time30 - then use Ritalin, for example
  • Ritalin LA®
    • Bioequivalent to Ritalin Adult
    • Duration of effect: 8 hours236-8 hours22
    • Effect profile:24
      • 50 % immediate effect due to pearls in capsule22
        • First maximum after 2 hours
        • Slight drop afterwards
      • 50 % retarded due to beads in capsule22
        • Second maximum after 6 1/2 hours
        • Thereafter waste until end of effect
    • Proprietary retardation system SODAS (Spheroidal Oral Drug Absorption System)24
    • No food intake required before / during ingestion23
    • Delayed maximum effect when taken with / on a high-fat meal22
    • Capsule may be opened and sprinkled on food2422
  • Ritalin Adult®
    • Bioequivalent to Ritalin LA29
    • No food intake required before / during ingestion
    • Also approved for adults
    • 8 hours working time according to the manufacturer23
    • Gluten free
    • Contains lactose
  • Methysym®
    • Since 01.06.2021 in D
    • 30 % immediate release, 70 % sustained release
    • 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 mg
    • Up to 8 hours working time
    • No food intake required for ingestion
21.2.1.2. Continuous release
  • Ritalin SR®
    • 5-8 hours theoretical working time, 3-5 hours practical working time22
    • Continuous release of active ingredient from wax matrix22
    • Half-life 3.4 hours22

21.2.2. All-day retardation

Preparations USA:

  • Concerta®
    • See above for details
  • Azstarys® (KP415)3132
    • Mixture of 70 % serdexmethylphenidate (SDX, prodrug of dexmethylphenidate) and 30 % dexmethylphenidate (d-MPH) with immediate release (IR)
    • 26.1/5.2 mg; 39.2/7.8 mg; 52.3/10.4 mg SDX/d-MPH
    • 13 hours working time
    • Approval 2021
    • No food intake required with ingestion, but prolongs effect
    • Degradation of SDX: unknown enzymes
    • Degradation of d-MPH: CES1
    • No interaction with CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1 or CYP3A
    • No interaction with alcohol
    • SDX does not prolong the QT interval to a clinically relevant extent

Ganhztagesretardierte Präparate Germany, Austria, Switzerland:

  • Concerta®
    • Methylphenidate hydrochloride
    • Extended-release tablets
    • 18, 27, 36, 54 mg
      • Due to the design, a residue of the active ingredient remains in the capsule and is not absorbed
      • Therefore 18 mg corresponds to an intake of approx. 15 mg (27 mg = approx. 22.5 mg, 36 mg = approx. 30 mg, 54 mg = approx. 45 mg)
    • Bioequivalent: methylphenidate hydrochloride-neuraxpharm
    • Duration until onset of action: 60 minutes23
      • Therefore often good effect with simultaneous intake of a small dose of unretarded MPH
      • Ingestion with / after food can delay maximum effect (Tmax) by up to 1 hour and reduce it by 10 to 30 % (serum concentration maximum, Cmax)22
    • Duration of action 8 to 12 hours,23 10 to 12 hours2224
    • Effect profile:
      • 22 % Immediate effect of the coating22
        • First maximum after 1 hour22 (up to 2 hours)24 (low), remains at this level until the 2nd maximum
      • 78 % retarded due to osmotic mechanism2224
        • Second maximum after 6 (to 8) hours (significantly higher),23 6.8 hours22
      • Half-life 3.4 hours22
    • Intake:
      • No food intake required before / during ingestion23
      • Capsule must not be opened2322
  • Methylphenidate hydrochloride-neuraxpharm
    • 12 hours working time
    • Bioequivalent to Concerta
    • No food intake required before / during ingestion
  • Kinecteen® (D/A/CH), Rubicrono® (Spain), Xaggitin® (United Kingdom)
    • 12 hours working time (according to manufacturer)
    • No food intake required before / during ingestion
    • Must not be divided, chewed or crushed (would cancel out retardation)
  • Methylphenidate hydrochloride Ratiopharm33
    • 12 hours working time
  • Methylphenidate hydrochloride Hexal34
    • 12 hours working time

The course of the effect curve differs considerably depending on the MPH preparation.

22. Drug level curves of various MPH preparations

The temporal progression of active ingredient levels of different MPH preparations can be depicted and compared in active ingredient curves.3536

A graph illustrates the course of the active ingredient levels of:37

  • Concerta
  • Ritalin Adult / LA
  • Medikinet adult
  • MPH unretarded

A graph illustrates the different active ingredient levels of Equasym with and without food intake.38

The Ratiopharm prescribing information compares the drug level profile of methylphenidate-Ratiopharm 40 mg with Ritalin LA.39
This shows that even bioequivalent preparations do not have completely identical effect level curves.

The information for healthcare professionals from Novartis compares the drug level profile of Ritalin LA 40 mg with Ritalin untreated 2 x / day.40

23. Abuse by pupils and students during examination phases

Studies show that ADHD medication can only slightly improve cognitive performance, e.g. attention, in people without ADHD. An increase in academic performance was not observed in people without ADHD41
Due to the inverted-U profile of the effects of dopamine, an increase in dopamine levels in non-affected people (based on an optimal average level) is generally detrimental. At most, severe chronic stress, which lowers the dopamine level, can lead to a dopamine deficiency in non-affected persons, for which ADHD medication also helps non-affected persons. We believe it is possible that this could be the case in exam situations. There is ample evidence of the abuse of stimulants by unaffected students in exam situations. However, there are no reports of voluntary long-term use after exams by students unaffected by ADHD. (In fact, students who misuse stimulants for exam periods have higher than average ADHD symptoms42.)

24. Preparations with the same active ingredient, pharmacies and discount agreements in Germany

The individual preparations often differ in terms of bioavailability, effect, duration of action and side effects, even at the same dose.
It often takes a long time to find the right individual preparation and the right dosage for the patient. If a preparation is replaced due to a discount agreement, this can have significant consequences for the therapy, including discontinuation of therapy.
Against this background, the inclusion of stimulants on the substitution exclusion list is urgently required.

25. Methylphenidate and drug screenings

Methylphenidate-containing drugs can lead to a false positive laboratory value for amphetamines, especially in immunoassay methods.43

26. Different MPH preparations have different individual effects - despite the identical active ingredient

The fact that methylphenidate preparations can have very different effects on different individuals has not yet been scientifically substantiated, but has been recognized beyond doubt empirically.44 We suspect a connection with the different active (time) profiles and various fillers.
We know patients who reacted to one MPH preparation with aggression and responded excellently to another preparation - and other patients who reacted to the two preparations with exactly the opposite reaction.
The phenomenon is widely known in forums for those affected and the testing of various MPH preparations is regularly recommended by those affected.

However, since the approval of Elvanse Adult in May 2019, methylphenidate is increasingly being replaced by Elvanse in adults. In adults, amphetamine medication is the drug of choice over methylphenidate.

27. Further sources on methylphenidate

A detailed graphic and explanatory presentation of the pathway of action of methylphenidate can be found at www.pharmgkb.org.45 Another comprehensive description of methylphenidate can be found at drugbank.com.46


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