Tipepidine for ADHD

Tipepidine (3-[di-2-thienylmethylene]-1-methylpiperidine) is a synthetic, non-opioid cough blocker (antitussive). Tipepidine increases dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens via inhibition of GIRK channels, but without increasing motor activity or producing methamphetamine-like behavioral sensitization.
It has been used in Japan since 1959 and could be an interesting alternative to MPH and AMP due to its lack of stimulant properties.¹

Tipepidine alone shows significant improvements in ADHD symptomatology.²
A placebo-based double-blind study found a beneficial effect of tipepidine given in addition to MPH.³

Tipepidine showed some promising results in improving ADHD symptoms in several Phase 2 clinical trials.⁴ Further studies have not yet been initiated.⁵