Clonidine for ADHD
Trade names of clonidine are:
- Catapresan (A, D, CH)
- Haemiton (D)
- Isoglaucon (A, D)
- Paracefan (D)
Clonidine is an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist.
- Agonist of the σ-2A-adrenoreceptor1
- Agonist of the σ-2B-adrenoreceptor1
- Agonist of the σ-2C-adrenoreceptor1
If the dosage is too high too quickly (injected), clonidine may also act as a σ-1-adrenoreceptor agonist.2
Clonidine is a rather atypical medication for AD(HHD).
Clonidine is commonly used in autism spectrum disorders and may be helpful in comorbid ASD + ADHD in young children.3
Clonidine attenuates the effect of epinephrine.
Clonidine has higher side effects than methylphenidate and atomoxetine.1
Alpha-2 adrenoreceptors are activated by the neurotransmitters adrenaline and noradrenaline. They are thus responsible for the effects mediated by adrenaline and noradrenaline.4
Alpha 2-A receptor agonists such as clonidine and guanfacine are thought to enhance phasic norepinephrine release in the nucleus coeruleus, which improves attention as well as working memory and visuomotor-associated learning (in contrast to long-term tonic NE release, which worsens performance).5
Clonidine thus has a noradrenergic effect.
As an alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine (like guanfacine ) significantly reduces dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in the laboratory.6
A combination of clonidine and guanfacine is said to be helpful for Rejection Sensitivity (and/or Dysphoria?) in ADHD according to the field report of an American ADHD specialist.7
A 2019 study from India reported that clonidine was the most commonly used medication for ADHD there in a group of children 3 to 6 years old with ADHD:8
- Clonidine: 44, 6 %
- Risperidone: 28.7
- Methylphenidate: 10.7 %
- Atomoxetine: 10.7
2. Side effects
Side effects of clonidine have not yet been incorporated.
Individual Note: Endothelial damage (damage to the inner layer of blood vessels) may be more common in older individuals. In these, clonidine could increase the risk of vascular damage and thrombosis.9
Guanfacin, Wirkstoff Aktuell, Ausgabe 2/2016, Stand 11.04.2015, Information der KBV ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥
Manz (2018): 05. Monoamine 2: Amphetamin, Ritalin (ADHS), Cocain, Tricyclika, Videovorlesung. ca. bei Minute 06:30. ↥
Manohar, Kuppili, Kandasamy, Chandrasekaran, Rajkumar (2018): Implications of comorbid ADHD in ASD interventions and outcome: Results from a naturalistic follow up study from south India. Asian J Psychiatr. 2018 Mar 2;33:68-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.03.009., n = 50 ↥
Steinhausen, Rothenberger, Döpfner (2010): Handbuch ADHS, Seiten 84, 85 ↥
Nurse, Russell, Taljaard (1985): Effect of chronic desipramine treatment on adrenoceptor modulation of [3H]dopamine release from rat nucleus accumbens slices. Brain Res. 1985 May 20;334(2):235-42 ↥
Dodson: How ADHD Ignites Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria; The extreme emotional pain of perceived rejection is a feeling unique to people with ADHD, and it can be debilitating. Learn how RSD may be impacting your patients; in: ADDitude. Strategies and Support für ADD & LD ↥
Vaidyanathan, Rajan, Chandrasekaran, Kandasamy (2019): Pre-school attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: 12 weeks prospective study. Asian J Psychiatr. 2019 Dec 14;48:101903. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.101903. n = 56 ↥
Manz (2018): 05. Monoamine 2: Amphetamin, Ritalin (ADHS), Cocain, Tricyclika, Videovorlesung. ↥