Metadoxine for ADHD
Metadoxine (pyridoxine-pyrrolidone carboxylate; pyridoxol L-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate).
Metadoxine is an ion pair salt of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate (PCA, L-PGA).
Metadoxine retarded is referred to as METADOXINE EXTENDED RELEASE (MDX) in the United States.
Metadoxine is currently being researched for the treatment of ADHD.
- is a selective serotonin 2B receptor antagonist
- An impaired balance of serotonin-dopamine neurotransmission is thought to be involved in ADHD symptoms in adults.
- shows high affinity to the GABA transporter
- Metadoxin inhibits the activity of the enzyme GABA transaminase, which breaks down GABA.
- Metadoxin increases inhibitory GABA-ergic synaptic transmission through a presynaptic effect.
- Because it does not affect dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin levels, metadoxine has a novel mechanism of action as a monoamine-independent GABA modulator[8].
- inhibits the excitatory transmission of glutamate
- this possibly improves attention in ADHD sufferers
Metadoxin does not bind to:
-
Dopamine receptors or dopamine transporters
-
Norepinephrine receptors or norepinephrine transprter
- Serotonin receptors
- Does not alter levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin
Several double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in adult ADHD sufferers with metadoxine sustained release (1400 mg/day) found significant clinical improvement over placebo in patients with predominantly inattentive symptoms (ADHD-I) (only).
The drug did not pass a phase III trial. No significant improvement was found compared to placebo, although this may also have been due to above-average improvements under placebo. According to another source, the Phase III trial was terminated prematurely by the FDA due to safety concerns.
Metadoxine could also be helpful in acute alcohol intoxication and in fragile X syndrome (FXS), which has symptoms that can be confused with ADHD.
Metadoxin enhanced in an FXS animal model (Fmr1 knockout mouse)
- Learning behavior
- Memory
- social interaction
In addition, metadoxin reversed the overactivation of the biomarkers Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the blood and brain of juvenile and adult mice. Metadoxin restored the aberrant neuronal morphology in FXS and reduced the exaggerated basal protein production that is thought to be responsible for learning and memory impairments in FXS.
Metadoxin side effects
Metadoxine did not show severe side effects.
The most common side effects were
