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2. ADHD Screenings

2. ADHD Screenings

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1. Self-Assessment Screening

Name of the instrument/test Test type Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Target group/Special features
ADHD-E, ADHD screening for adults, including severity assessment compared to normative valuesADHD-RS-IV* Adult; with Adult Prompts, self-report scale, 8 questions, DSM-IV, Spanish version n = 398, Richarte et al., 20171 Total ADHD: Cut-off 24: 81.9%; ADHD-C: Cut-off 24, 81.9%; ADHD-I: Cut-off 21: 70.2% ADHD total: Cut-off 24: 74.7%; ADHD-C: Cut-off 24: 87.3%; ADHD-I: Cut-off 21: 76.1% ADHD total: Cut-off 24: PVV 50.0%, NPV 93.0%, Kappa 0.78, AUC 89%; ADHD-C: Cut-off 24: PVV 78.6%, NPV 89.4%, Kappa 0.88, AUC 94%; ADHD-I: Cut-off 21: PPV 7.17%, NPV 74.8%, Kappa 0.88, AUC 94%; no gender differences found in the analysis
ADHD-SB n = 88, Rösler et al., 20042 Cut-off 10: 88%; Cut-off 15: 77%; Cut-off 18: 65% Cut-off 10: 67%; Cut-off 15: 75%; Cut-off 18: 92%
ASRS-6 (ADHD Self-Report Scale 1.1.) 6 questions Cut-off 4 for the 0–6 screening: Answer “sometimes,” “often,” or “very often” to 4 or more questions on questions 1–3, and “often” or “very often” to questions 4–6. ADxS meta-analysis of all available studies on the ASRS-6 1.1. using the 0–6 scoring scale with a cutoff of 4 yields a sensitivity of 53.3% (n = 2,063; all languages, excluding special populations) Adults, screening, self-report questionnaire, DSM-IV
0-6 scoring, German version Cut-off 4, n = 378, Swiss participants, Buchli-Kammermann et al. 20113 66.6% 64.9% PPV: 84%
0-6 scoring, English version Cut-off 4, n = 668; Kessler et al. 20074 39.1% 88.3% .
0-6 scoring, English version (presumed cutoff of 4), n = 111, college students; Fuller-Killgore et al. 20135 21.4% 95.8%
0-6 scoring (?), English version (presumably cutoff 4); n = 154, Kessler et al. 20056; specific questions not listed; cutoff 4 68.7% 99.5%
0–6 scoring, English version Cut-off 4, n = 190 college students, Lovett et al., 20217 66% 84%
0-6 scoring, English version Cut-off 4, n = 30, Hines et al. 20128 92% 69% PPV: 48%, NPV: 97%
0-6 scoring, Hebrew version (presumed cutoff of 4), n = 120, Zohar & Konfortes 20109 Paper version: 40%; Computer version: 52% Paper version: 78.4%; Computer version: 73.5%
0–6 scoring, Korean version Cut-off 4, n = 209, Heo et al. 201810 62.7% 80.4%
0-6 scoring, Thai version Cut-off 4, n = 51 (of 1,500, 1,451 were excluded), Kiatrungrit et al. 201711 90.9% 62.5% PPV: 40%; NPV: 96%
ASRS-6 (ADHD Self-Report Scale 1.1) 6 questions 0–24 scoring: Each question is scored on a scale of 0 to 4; scores are added together
0-24 Scoring, English version Cut-off: 14 (14 or more points achieved), n = 668, Kessler et al. 20174 64.9% 94.0% Lundin et al.12 merely report the results of Kessler et al.
0–24 scoring, Swedish (?) version Cut-off: 14, n = 108, Petterson et al., 201813 91.7% 27.1% PPV: 61.1%; NPV: 72.2%; Accuracy: 63.0%; AUC: 75.9%
0-24 Scoring, Spanish version Cut-off: 12; n = 180, Ramos-Quoriga et al. 200914 96.7% 91.1% PPV: 91.6%; NPV: 96.5%; Kappa: 0.88; AUC: 94%
0–24 DSM-5 Scoring, Japanese Version DSM-5, n = 94, Takeda et al., 201715 Cut-off 14: 69%; Cut-off 15: 67%; Cut-off 16: 57% Cut-off 14: 80%; Cut-off 15: 84%; Cut-off 16: 87% PPV Cut-off 14: 75%; Cut-off 15: 82%; Cut-off 16: 82%; NPV: Cut-off 14: 70%; Cut-off 15: 71%; Cut-off 16: 66%; Accuracy: Cut-off 14: 74%; Cut-off 15: 875%; Cut-off 16: 71%; AUC Cut-off 14: 85%
ASRS-6 (ADHD Self-Report Scale 1.1) in Special Populations 6 questions, adults, screening, self-report questionnaire, DSM-IV Cutoff 4 for 0–6 screening: Answer “sometimes,” “often,” or “very often” to 4 or more questions on questions 1–3, and “often” or “very often” to questions 4–6.
0–6 scoring, adult patients with depression Cut-off 4, n = 95, Dunlop et al., 201816 55.0% to 60.0%; in particular, ADHD-I not detected 68.6% to 85.0% PPV: 21.4% to 78.6% , NPV 65.4% to 92.3% Accuracy 67.5% to 70.0% .
0–6 scoring, inpatient alcohol dependence population, German (?) version n = 404, Luderer et al., 201917 Cut-off 4: 64.3%
0–6 scoring, adult cocaine-dependent population, English version n = 102, Dakwar et al. 201218 Cut-off 4: 60.9%
0–6 scoring, substance use disorder population n = 183, presumably English version in a French-speaking city (Montreal), Chiasson et al. 201219 Cut-off 4: 100% Cut-off 4: 81.4%
0-6 Scoring, substance use disorder population among female prison inmates, Swedish version n = 56, Konstenius et al. 201520 Cut-off 4: 100% Cut-off 4: 66% PPV: 5Cut-off 4: 5%; NPV: 1Cut-off 4: 00%
0–6 scoring, substance-using population n = 80, Daigre et al. (2009)21 Cut-off 3: 93.8%; Cut-off 4: 87.5%; Cut-off 5: 50.0% Cut-off 3: 54.7%; Cut-off 4: 68.8%; Cut-off 5: 85.9%{ PPV: Cut-off 3: 34.1%; Cut-off 4: 41.2%; Cut-off 5: 47.1%; NPV: Cut-off 3: 97.2%; Cut-off 4: 95.7%; Cut-off 5: 87.3%
0–6 score, cannabis dependence Cut-off 4, n = 99, Notzon et al., 202022 61% 86%
0–6 scoring, substance-use population, mix of inpatients and outpatients DSM-IV and DSM-5, n = 1,138; van de Glind et al., 201323 Cut-off 4: 84 to 88% Cut-off 4: 66 to 67% Cut-off 4: PPV: 26%; NPV 97% to 98%
0-6 Scoring, substance use disorder patients, Spanish version n = 280, Pedrero Pérez et al., 200724 Cut-off 3: 95.7%, Cut-off 4: 78.3% Cut-off 3: 63.8%, Cut-off 4: 86% PPV: Cut-off 3: 19.1%, Cut-off 4: 42.6%; NPV: Cut-off 3: 99.4%, Cut-off 4: 97.8%
0-6 scoring, alcoholism Cut-off 4, n = 379, Reyes et al., 201925 79.3% 70.3% PPV: 18.1%; NPV: 97.6%
0–6 scoring, adult inpatient substance abuse population, abstinent for 1 week / 3 months n = 1,064, Adler et al. 200926 Cut-off 4: PPV: 57.6%; no information on sensitivity or specificity
ASRS-6 (Jan. 1) 0-24 scoring, screening, self-report questionnaire, DSM-IV, 6 questions
0-24 Scoring, substance use population, Turkish version n = 190, Evren et al. 201627 Cut-off 10: 75% Cut-off 10: 79% PPV: Cut-off 10: 46%; NPV: Cut-off 10: 93%
0-24 scoring, inpatient alcohol dependence population, German (?) version n = 404, Luderer et al., 201917 Cut-off 14: 57.1%; Cut-off 11: 88.1% Cut-off 11: 61.2%
0-24 score, outpatient alcohol dependence population Cut-off 14, n = 355, Daigre et al., 201528 86.7% 66.1%
0-24 score, population of alcohol-dependent individuals post-detoxification, Spanish (?) version Cut-off 14, n = 297, Roncero et al., 201929 83.3% 66.1% PPV 32.3%, NPV 95.4%
ASRS-5; Optimal RiskSLIM DSM-5 ASRS Screening Scale (ASRS Update 2017 for DSM-5), 6 questions 0–24 scoring; screening, self-report questionnaire, adults
German version of the ; screening; self-report questionnaire; 6 questions; 0–24 scoring; n = 262; Ballmann et al., 202230 Cut-off 14: 95.6% Cut-off 14: 72.3%
0-24 Scoring, English versiong n = 337, Ustun et al. 201731 Cut-off 13: 92.6%; Cut-off 14: 91.4%; Cut-off 15: 87.0%; Cut-off 16: 84.1%; Cut-off 17: 79.3% Cut-off 13: 63% / 84.4% Cut-off 14: 74% / 96%; Cut-off 15: 81.1% / 97.6%; Cut-off 16: 86.6% / 99%; Cut-off 17: 92.9% / 99.5% ; Cut-offs 13 through 17: AUC: 78.0% to 94.0%; Cut-off 13 to 17: PPV: 34.9% to 93.6%
0-24 Scoring, French versiong n = 484, Baggio et al., 202032 Cut-off 10: 95.8%; Cut-off 11: 92.8%; Cut-off 12: 89.4%; Cut-off 13: 84.3%; Cut-off 14: 78.0%; Cut-off 15: 69.1% Cut-off 10: 71.8%; Cut-off 11: 79.0%; Cut-off 12: 85.5%; Cut-off 13: 91.9%; Cut-off 14: 94.0%; Cut-off 15: 95.6%
0-24 Scoring, Turkish version n = 136, Genc et al., 202133 Cut-off 9: 85.2%; Cut-off 10: 85.1% Cut-off 9: 89.7%; Cut-off 10: 89.5% AUC: Cut-off 9: 91.6%; Cut-off 10: 91.3%; PPV: Cut-off 10: 90.5%; NPV: Cut-off 10: 83.6%;
Adolescents, 0–24 scoring, English version n = 564, Somma et al. 202134 Cut-off of 12 recommended Cut-off of 12: AUC: 84.3%
ASRS-18 (ADHD Self-Report Scale 1.1) 18 questions Screening, self-report questionnaire, DSM-IV; adults
0–18 scoring, cutoff 9, English version, adults n = 154, Kessler et al. 200535 56.3% 98.3% Each question was assigned one point; it was not reported when a question was considered met
0-36 scoring, cutoff 8, English version, adults n = 154, Kessler et al. 200535 55.9% 96.5% Each question was worth up to two points; it was not reported when a question was considered met
0-72 Scoring, Norwegian version n = 1,554, Brevik et al. 202036 Cut-off 16: 98%, Cut-off 21: 95%, Cut-off 27: 90%, Cut-off 30: 88%, Cut-off 35: 80%, Cut-off 36: 79%, Cut-off 42: 64% Cut-off 49: 45% Cut-off 16: 22%, Cut-off 21: 45%, Cut-off 71: 90%, Cut-off 30: 80%, Cut-off 35: 88%, Cut-off 36: 90%, Cut-off 42: 95%, Cut-off 49: 98% , Cut-off 35: AUC 90.4%36
0-72 scoring, Swedish version, Adults n = 111, Olofsdotter et al. 202337 Cut-off 24: 91% Cut-off 24: 35%
0-72 Scoring, Swedish version, Adolescents n = 111, Olofsdotter et al. 202337 Cut-off 30: 81% Cut-off 30: 50%
0-72 scoring, Korean version, adults n = 209, Heo et al. 201810 Cut-off 32: 70.6% Cut-off 32: 80.4%
0-72 scoring, cutoff 37, English version, adults n = 154, Kessler et al. 200535 57.2% 96.5% Each question was scored up to four points; it was not reported when a question was considered met
0–72 Scoring (?) Hebrew version, Adults Cut-off unknown, n = 72, Zohar & Konfortes 201038 Paper version: 65%; Computer version: 73.9% Paper version: 68%; Computer version: 62.7%
0-72 Scoring, Japanese version DSM-5, n = 94, Takeda et al., 201715 Cut-off 35: 71%; Cut-off 36: 71%; Cut-off 37: 69% Cut-off 35: 74%; Cut-off 36: 74%; Cut-off 37: 76% PPV Cut-off 35: 73%; Cut-off 36: 73%; Cut-off 37: 75%; NPV: Cut-off 35: 89%; Cut-off 36: 89%; Cut-off 37: 70%; Accuracy: Cut-off 35: 72%; Cut-off 36: 72%; Cut-off 37: 72%; AUC Cut-off 35: 77%
0-72 Scoring, Italian version, Adolescents Somma et al. 201939 Cut-off 31: 78% Cut-off 31: 71%
0-72 Scoring, Swedish version, Adolescents n = 111, Olofsdotter et al. 202337 Cut-off 30: 81% Cut-off 30: 50%
0-72 Scoring, Italian version, adolescent girls Olofsdotter et al. 202337 Cut-off 43: 56%, Cut-off 44: 52% Cut-off 43: 90%, Cut-off 44: 93%
0-72 Scoring, Italian version, adolescent boys Olofsdotter et al. 202337 Cut-off 38: 56%, Cut-off 45: 17% Cut-off 38: 90%, Cut-off 45: 93%
ASRS-18 (ADHD Self-Report Scale 1.1) Addiction populations 18 questions
0-72 Scoring, Turkish version in a substance use population Cut-off 30: 81%27 Cut-off 30: 75%27 PPV: Cut-off 30: 43%; NPV: Cut-off 30: 94%27
0-72 Scoring, Substance-use disorder population among female prison inmates, Swedish version n = 56, Konstenius et al. 201520 approx. 100% 45% PPV: 42%
ASRS for Adolescents Screening, Adolescents, Self-Report Questionnaire, DSM-IV, 6 or 18 questions
ASRS-A 1.1. (Adolescent ADHD Self-Report Scale) 18 questions 0–18 scoring, cutoff 9, n = 134, Sonnby et al. 201540 79% 60%
ASRS-A-S 1.1. (Adolescent ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener) 6 questions 0–6 scoring, cutoff 4, n = 134, Sonnby et al. 201540 74% 60%
CAARS-S-SR Conners Scales of Attention and Behavior for Adults – Self-Report, Screening Version, English (?) version Cut-off 65, Taylor et al., 201141 82% 87% PPV: 87%; NPV: 83%
CAARS-S-SR in a population with alcohol dependence, German (?) version n = 404, Luderer et al., 201917 Cut-off 60: 88.1
CAARS-S-SR combination, Cut-off 60 OR ASRS-6 0–24 Cut-off 11, in a population with alcohol dependence, German (?) version n = 404, Luderer et al., 201917 100% 78.1% PPV: 54.9%
  • ADHD Screening for Adults (ADHD-E) (including severity of symptoms compared to normative values)
  • ASRS 1.1.
    • WHO ADHD Screening42
    • 6-Item Brief Screening
    • 18-Item Long Screening
    • For sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), see the table under 1.
    • The rating scales in ASRS 1.1 have fairly limited diagnostic value.37
    • The high negative predictive value is typical of a screening tool (not intended for diagnostic purposes) that must not miss any potential cases, while at the same time having a low positive predictive value, meaning that more than half of those with a positive ASRS score do not receive an ADHD diagnosis
      • On average, it takes less than 1 minute to complete
    • A different analysis method yielded significantly better results43
      • Quantitative assessment on a scale of 0 to 24 points, with a cutoff score of 12 points:
      • Sensitivity: 96.7%
      • Specificity: 91.1%
      • Positive predictive value: 91.6%
      • Negative predictive value: 96.5%
      • Kappa index: 0.88
      • AUC: 0.94
  • Provisional Diagnostic Instrument 4; PDI-4
    • A short self-report questionnaire for adults covering various disorders
    • ADHD:
      • Sensitivity:
        • 82%44
        • 79% (compared to the CAARS-S at a cutoff of 28)45
      • Specificity:
        • 73%44
        • 87% (compared to the CAARS-S at a cutoff of 28)45
    • Generalized Anxiety Disorder
      • Sensitivity:
        • 83%44
        • 64% (compared to the HADS-A with a cutoff of 14)45
      • Specificity:
        • 75%44
        • 92% (compared to the HADS-A with a cutoff of 14)45
    • Severe depressive episode
      • Sensitivity:
        • 80%44
        • 69% (compared to the PHQ-9 with a cutoff score of 12)45
      • Specificity:
        • 80%44
        • 90% (compared to the PHQ-9 with a cutoff score of 12)45
    • Mania
      • Sensitivity:
        • 83%44
        • 52% (compared to the MDQ at a cutoff of 7)45
      • Specificity:
        • 82%44
        • 86% (compared to the MDQ at a cutoff of 7)46

2. Third-Party Evaluation Screening

Name of the instrument/test Test type Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Target group/Special features
ASRS-AP-S 1.1. (Parent of Adolescent ADHD Self-Report Scale), 6 questions Screening, self-report questionnaire, DSM-IV, 6 questions, Sjölander et al., 201647 80% 74% Adolescents; Short questionnaire for their parents; performs better for girls than for boys
ASRS-AP-S 1.1. (Parent of the Adolescent ADHD Self-Report Scale), 6 questions Screening, self-report questionnaire, DSM-IV, 6 questions, n = 134, Sonnby et al. 201540 79% 60%
ASRS-AP-18 1.1. (Parent of Adolescent ADHD Self-Report Scale), 18 questions Screening, self-report questionnaire, DSM-IV, 18 questions 78%47 75%47 Adolescents; Short questionnaire for their parents; better for girls than for boys
CASQ (Conners Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire) (meta-analysis, k = 11)48 Questionnaire 83% 84% Children and adolescents; questionnaire for parents
CTRS/CPRS (Conners’ Teacher/Parent Rating Scales)49 Questionnaire 83.5% 35.7% Children; high sensitivity, low specificity
CTRS-R (Conners Teacher Rating Scale-Revised) (meta-analysis, k = 11)48 Questionnaire 72% 84% Children and adolescents; questionnaire for teachers
CBCL-AP Scale (Child Behavior Checklist-Attention Problem)(meta-analysis, k = 14)48 Questionnaire 77% 73% Children and adolescents
CRS-R (Conners Parent Rating Scale-Revised) (meta-analysis, k = 11)48 Questionnaire 75% 85% Children and adolescents; questionnaire for parents

3. Screenings for ASD

(The first tentative steps toward collecting data.)

One screening tool for ASD is the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ). The German version is called the Fragebogen zur Sozialen Kommunikation (FSK).50 The SCQ was developed in 2003 based on the ADI-R and consists of 40 yes/no questions for parents or caregivers.
The originally recommended threshold of 15 was used as a screening value, not to rule out ASA if the result was below that threshold.51
Screening should always be only the first step toward a more comprehensive diagnostic evaluation and should not be misused as a substitute for a complete diagnostic evaluation.
Subsequent studies identified lower SCQ cut-off scores for certain population groups:52

  • 10 for people aged 1 to 25
  • 11 for preschool-aged children

The SCQ has been criticized for showing insufficiently significant agreement with the results of a comprehensive diagnosis.5354 It is considered most suitable as a screening tool for young children, which was the purpose for which it was originally developed.

  1. Richarte V, Corrales M, Pozuelo M, Serra-Pla J, Ibáñez P, Calvo E, Corominas M, Bosch R, Casas M, Ramos-Quiroga JA (2017): Spanish validation of the adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (ADHD-RS): relevance of clinical subtypes. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 2017 Oct-Dec;10(4):185-191. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2017.06.003. PMID: 28844652. ↥

  2. Rösler M, Retz W, Retz-Junginger P, Thome J, Supprian T, Nissen T, Stieglitz RD, Blocher D, Hengesch G, Trott GE (2004): Instrumente zur Diagnostik der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) im ErwachsenenalterSelbstbeurteilungsskala (ADHS-SB) und Diagnosecheckliste (ADHS-DC) [Tools for the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Self-rating behaviour questionnaire and diagnostic checklist]. Nervenarzt. 2004 Sep;75(9):888-95. German. doi: 10.1007/s00115-003-1622-2. Erratum in: Nervenarzt. 2005 Jan;76(1):129. PMID: 15378249. ↥

  3. Buchli-Kammermann J, Corbisiero S, Stieglitz R-D (2011): Screening der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) im Erwachsenalter: Validierung der deutschen Version der ASRS-v1.1. 2011. n = 378 ↥

  4. Kessler RC, Adler LA, Gruber MJ, Sarawate CA, Spencer T, Van Brunt DL (2007): Validity of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener in a representative sample of health plan members. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2007;16(2):52-65. doi: 10.1002/mpr.208. PMID: 17623385; PMCID: PMC2044504. n = 668 ↥ ↥

  5. Fuller-Killgore MD, Burlison J, Dwyer W (2013): Comparison of three ADHD screening instruments in college students of varying cognitive ability. J Atten Disord. 2013 Jul;17(5):449-54. doi: 10.1177/1087054712438136. PMID: 22451508. n = 111 ↥

  6. Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, Demler O, Faraone S, Hiripi E, Howes MJ, Jin R, Secnik K, Spencer T, Ustun TB, Walters EE (2005): The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med. 2005 Feb;35(2):245-56. doi: 10.1017/s0033291704002892. PMID: 15841682. n = 154 ↥

  7. Lovett BJ, Ferrier DE, Wang T, Jordan AH (2021): Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener Ratings in College Students Concurrent Validity and Test–Retest Reliability.Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 2021, Vol. 0(0) 1–5. n = 190 ↥

  8. Hines JL, King TS, Curry WJ (2012): The adult ADHD self-report scale for screening for adult attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Am Board Fam Med. 2012 Nov-Dec;25(6):847-53. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2012.06.120065. PMID: 23136325. n = 30 ↥

  9. Zohar AH, Konfortes H (2010): Diagnosing ADHD in Israeli adults: the psychometric properties of the adult ADHD Self Report Scale (ASRS) in Hebrew. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2010;47(4):308-15. PMID: 21270505. n = 120 ↥

  10. Heo S, Kim JH, Joung YS, Lee WI, Kim JJ, Sohn SH, Chang SA (2018): Clinical Utility of the Korean Version of the WHO Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale Screener. Psychiatry Investig. 2018 Mar;15(3):325-329. doi: 10.30773/pi.2017.07.10. PMID: 29486543; PMCID: PMC5900371. n = 209 ↥ ↥

  11. Kiatrungrit K, Putthisri S, Hongsanguansri S, Wisajan P, Jullagate S (2017): Validity and Reliability of Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Thai Version (ASRS-V1.1 TH). Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2017 Aug 25;29(4):218-227. doi: 10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.217021. PMID: 28955141; PMCID: PMC5608994. n = 51 ↥

  12. Lundin A, Kosidou K, Dalman C (2019): Testing the Discriminant and Convergent Validity of the World Health Organization Six-Item Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener Using the Stockholm Public Health Cohort. J Atten Disord. 2019 Aug;23(10):1170-1177. doi: 10.1177/1087054717735381. PMID: 29073818. n = 86.653 ↥

  13. Pettersson R, Söderström S, Nilsson KW (2018): Diagnosing ADHD in Adults: An Examination of the Discriminative Validity of Neuropsychological Tests and Diagnostic Assessment Instruments. J Atten Disord. 2018 Sep;22(11):1019-1031. doi: 10.1177/1087054715618788. PMID: 26681530. n = 108 ↥

  14. Ramos-Quiroga JA, Daigre C, Valero S, Bosch R, Gómez-Barros N, Nogueira M, Palomar G, Roncero C, Casas M (2009): Validacion al espanol de la escala de cribado del trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad en adultos (ASRS v. 1.1): una nueva estrategia de puntuacion [Validation of the Spanish version of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adult screening scale (ASRS v. 1.1): a novel scoring strategy]. Rev Neurol. 2009 May 1-15;48(9):449-52. Spanish. PMID: 19396760. n = 180 ↥

  15. Takeda T, Tsuji Y, Kurita H (2017): Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Adult Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Self-Report Scale (ASRS-J) and its short scale in accordance with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Res Dev Disabil. 2017 Apr;63:59-66. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.02.011. PMID: 28260624. ↥ ↥

  16. Dunlop BW, Wu R, Helms K (2018): Performance of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-v1.1 in Adults with Major Depressive Disorder. Behav Sci (Basel). 2018 Mar 29;8(4):37. doi: 10.3390/bs8040037. PMID: 29596328; PMCID: PMC5946096. n = 95 ↥

  17. Luderer M, Kaplan-Wickel N, Richter A, Reinhard I, Kiefer F, Weber T (2019): Screening for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in alcohol dependent patients: Underreporting of ADHD symptoms in self-report scales. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 Feb 1;195:52-58. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.020. PMID: 30583265. n = 404 ↥ ↥ ↥ ↥

  18. Dakwar E, Mahony A, Pavlicova M, Glass A, Brooks D, Mariani JJ, Grabowski J, Levin FR (2012): The utility of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder screening instruments in individuals seeking treatment for substance use disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Nov;73(11):e1372-8. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m07895. PMID: 23218166; PMCID: PMC3627386. ↥

  19. Chiasson JP, Stavro K, Rizkallah É, Lapierre L, Dussault M, Legault L, Potvin S (2012): Questioning the specificity of ASRS-v1.1 to accurately detect ADHD in substance abusing populations. J Atten Disord. 2012 Nov;16(8):661-3. doi: 10.1177/1087054711425768. PMID: 22049481. n = 183 ↥

  20. Konstenius M, Larsson H, Lundholm L, Philips B, van de Glind G, Jayaram-Lindström N, Franck J (2015): An epidemiological study of ADHD, substance use, and comorbid problems in incarcerated women in Sweden. J Atten Disord. 2015 Jan;19(1):44-52. doi: 10.1177/1087054712451126. PMID: 22797213. ↥ ↥

  21. Daigre Blanco C, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Valero S, Bosch R, Roncero C, Gonzalvo B, Nogueira M (2009): Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) symptom checklist in patients with substance use disorders. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2009 Nov-Dec;37(6):299-305. PMID: 20066581. n = 80 ↥

  22. Notzon DP, Pavlicova M, Glass A, Mariani JJ, Mahony AL, Brooks DJ, Levin FR (2020): ADHD Is Highly Prevalent in Patients Seeking Treatment for Cannabis Use Disorders. J Atten Disord. 2020 Sep;24(11):1487-1492. doi: 10.1177/1087054716640109. PMID: 27033880; PMCID: PMC5568505. ↥

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